Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Present in Tyre Pyrolytic Oil Using Low Cost Natural Adsorbents

Authors: Neha Budhwani

Abstract:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed during the pyrolysis of scrap tyres to produce tyre pyrolytic oil (TPO). Due to carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic properties PAHs are priority pollutants. Hence it is essential to remove PAHs from TPO before utilising TPO as a petroleum fuel alternative (to run the engine). Agricultural wastes have promising future to be utilized as biosorbent due to their cost effectiveness, abundant availability, high biosorption capacity and renewability. Various low cost adsorbents were prepared from natural sources. Uptake of PAHs present in tyre pyrolytic oil was investigated using various low-cost adsorbents of natural origin including sawdust (shisham), coconut fiber, neem bark, chitin, activated charcoal. Adsorption experiments of different PAHs viz. naphthalene, acenaphthalene, biphenyl and anthracene have been carried out at ambient temperature (25°C) and at pH 7. It was observed that for any given PAH, the adsorption capacity increases with the lignin content. Freundlich constant Kf and 1/n have been evaluated and it was found that the adsorption isotherms of PAHs were in agreement with a Freundlich model, while the uptake capacity of PAHs followed the order: activated charcoal> saw dust (shisham) > coconut fiber > chitin. The partition coefficients in acetone-water, and the adsorption constants at equilibrium, could be linearly correlated with octanol–water partition coefficients. It is observed that natural adsorbents are good alternative for PAHs removal. Sawdust of Dalbergia sissoo, a by-product of sawmills was found to be a promising adsorbent for the removal of PAHs present in TPO. It is observed that adsorbents studied were comparable to those of some conventional adsorbents.

Keywords: Acenaphthene, anthracene, biphenyl, Coconut fiber, naphthalene, natural adsorbent, PAHs, TPO and wood powder (shisham).

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1099886

References:

[1] Public Health Service, Toxicology profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, 1990.
[2] E. Alcock, S.C. Wilson, M.J. Wang, S.R. Wild, A.P. Sewart, K.C. Jones, “Long-term persistence of organic chemicals in sewage sludge-amended agricultural land: a soil quality perspective”, Adv. Argon., 55, 1996, pp. 345-391.
[3] E. anoli, and C. Samara, “Polycyclic hydrocarbons in natural waters: sources, occurrence and analysis”, Trends Anal. Chem., 18, 1999, pp. 417-428.
[4] G. Witt, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment of the Baltic Sea”, Mar. Pollut. Bull.,31, 1995, pp.237-248.
[5] M. Charlesworth, M. Service, and C.E. Gibson, “PAHs contamination of Irish Sediments”, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, 2002, pp.1421-1424.
[6] T. Nielsen, “Traffic contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the center of a large city”, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1996, pp.3481-3490.
[7] C. J. Halsall, P. J.Coleman, B. J. Davis, V. Burnett, K. S. Waterhouse, P. Jones Hardings, K. C. Jones, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in UK urban air”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1994, pp. 2380-2386.
[8] C. Domeno, C. Nerin, “Fate of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis of industrial waste oils”, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 67, 2003, pp. 237-246.
[9] S.D. Barr, “Mechanisms white rot fungi use to degrade pollutants,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 1994, pp. 78-87.
[10] H. M. Eulenberg, H.J. Rijaanrts, J.A. Doddema, Field, “Partially oxidized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons show an increased bioavailability and biodegradability”, FEMS Microbol. Lett., 152, 1997, pp. 45-49.
[11] F.J. Rivas, Beltran, B. Acedo, “Chemical and photochemical degradation of acenaphthalene. Intermediate identification,” J. Hazard. Mater. B 75, 2000, pp. 89-98
[12] G.L. Corless, Reynolds, N. J. D. Graham, P. Perry, “Ozonation of pyrene in aqueous solution”, Water Res. 24, 1990, pp. 1119-1123.
[13] R.W. Walters, R.G. Luthy, “Equilibrium adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water onto activated carbon”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 18, 1984, pp. 395-403.
[14] X. Dai, X. Yin, C. Wu, W. Zhang, Y. Chen, “ Pyrolysis of waste tires in a circulating fluidized-bed reactor”, Energy, 26, 2001, pp. 385-399.
[15] Z. Gong, K. Alef, B. Wilke, P. Li, “Activated carbon adsorption of PAHs from vegetable oil used in soil remediation”, J. Hazard. Mater. 143 (2007) 372-378.
[16] F.M.T. Luna, A.A. Pontes-Filho, E.D. Trindade, I.J. Silva Jr., D.C.S. Azevedo, C.L. Cavalcante Jr., “Removal of aromatic compounds from mineral naphthenic oil by adsorption”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47 (2008) 3207-3212.
[17] H. Zhou, Z. Zhong, B. Jin, Y. Huang, R. Xiao, “Experimental study on the removal of PAHs using induct activated carbon injection”, Chemosphere 59 (2005) 861-869.
[18] A.M. Mastral, Y. Garcia, M.S. Callen, M.V. Navarro, J. Galban, “Removal of naphthalene, pheanthrene and pyrene by sorbents from hot gas”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 2395-2400.
[19] C.O. Ania, B. Cabal, C. Pevida, A. Arenillas, J.B. Parra, F. Rubiera, J.J. Pis, “Removal of naphthalene from aqueous solution on chemically modified activated carbons”, Water Res. 41 (2007) 333-340.
[20] C. Valderrama, X. Gamisans, J.L. Cortina, A. Farran, F.X. de las Heras, “Evaluation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon removal from aqueous solutions using activated carbon and hyper-cross linked polymer (Macronet MN200)”, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 84 (2008) 236-245.
[21] P.T. Williams, Sampling and analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds from combustion system: a review, of the Institute of Energy, 63 (1990) 22-30.
[22] M. L. Lee, M. Novotny and K. D. Bartle, “Analytical Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds”, Academic Press, New York, USA. 1981.
[23] J. P. Longwell, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot from practical combustion systems, in Lahaye, J. and Prado, G. (eds), Soot in Combustion Systems and its Toxic Properties (Plenum Press, New York, USA).
[24] R.E. Hinchee and B.C. Alleman, R.E. Hoeppel, R.N. Miller (Eds.), “Hydrocarbon Bioremediation”, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1994.
[25] D.O. Cooney, “Adsorption Designer for Wastewater Treatment”, Lewis Publishers, London, England, UK, 1999, pp.45-190.
[26] S.B. Lalvani, T. Wiltoski, A. Hubner, A. Weston and N. Mandich, “Removal of hexavalent chromium and metal cations by a selective and novel carbon adsorbent”, Carbon, 36, 1998, pp. 1219-1226.
[27] T.B. Boving and W. Zhang, “Removal of aqueous phase polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons using aspen wood fibers”, Chemosphere, 54, 2004, pp. 839-881.
[28] A.A. Mackay, P.M. Gschwend, “Sorption of monoaromatic hydrocarbons to wood”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 2000, pp. 839-845.
[29] A. Pandey, C.R. Soccol, P. Nigam and V.T. Soccol, “Biotechnological potential of agro-industrial residues. I: sugar cane bagasse”, Biores. Technol., 74, 2000, pp. 69-80.
[30] D.E. Teixeira, A.C. Florian and M.A.E. Santana, “Test for natural decay resistance of the sugar cane bagasse particle board”, Scientia Forestalis., 52, 1997, pp. 29-34.
[31] P. Noguera, M. Abad, V. Noguera, R. Purchades and A. Maquiera, “Coconut coir waste a new and viable ecologically-friendly peat substitute” Acta Horticult., 517, 2000, pp. 279-286.
[32] O.A. Carrijo, R.S. De Liz and N. Makishima, “Fiber of green coconut shell as an agricultural substrate Horticult”, Brasileira, 20, 2002, pp.533- 535.
[33] Z. Jumanova, T. Sdykov, E. Seitmuratov, G. Dalimova, “Lignins from Oryza sativa chemistry of natural compounds”, 42, 2006, pp. 724-726.
[34] B. Xiao, X.F. Sun, R.C. Sun, “Chemical, structural and thermal characterizations of alkali-soluble lignin and hemicelluloses, and cellulose from maize stems, rye straw and rice straw” Polymer Degradation and Stability, 74, 2001, pp. 307-319.
[35] S.P. Deosarkar and V.G. Pangarkar, “Adsorptive separation and recovery organics from PHA and SA plant effluents”, Sep. Purif. Technol. 38, 2004, pp. 241-254.
[36] E. Ayranci, “Adsorption kinetics and isotherms of pesticides onto activated carbon cloth”, Chemosphere, 60, 2005, pp. 1600-1607.
[37] G. Mckay, “Use of Adsorbents for the removal of Pollutants from Wastewater”, CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1995.
[38] R.P. Schwarzenbach, P.M. Gschwend and D.M. Imboden, “Environmental Organic Chemistry”, Wiley Interscience, New York, USA, 1993.