Antioxidant Enzymes and Crude Mitochondria ATPases in the Radicle of Germinating Bean (Vigna unguiculata) Exposed to Different Concentrations of Crude Oil

Authors: Stella O. Olubodun, George E. Eriyamremu

Abstract:

The study examined the effect of Bonny Light whole crude oil (WC) and its water soluble fraction (WSF) on the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and crude mitochondria ATPases in the radicle of germinating bean (Vigna unguiculata). The percentage germination, level of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme and mitochondria Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase activities were measured in the radicle of bean after 7, 14 and 21 days post germination. Viable bean seeds were planted in soils contaminated with 10ml, 25ml and 50ml of whole crude oil (WC) and its water soluble fraction (WSF) to obtain 2, 5 and 10% v/w crude oil contamination. There was dose dependent reduction of the number of bean seeds that germinated in the contaminated soils compared with control (p<0.001). The activities of the antioxidant enzymes, as well as, adenosine triphosphatase enzymes, were also significantly (p<0.001) altered in the radicle of the plants grown in contaminated soil compared with the control. Generally, the level of lipid peroxidation was highest after 21 days post germination when compared with control. Stress to germinating bean caused by Bonny Light crude oil or its water soluble fraction resulted in adaptive changes in crude mitochondria ATPases in the radicle.

Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes, Bonny Light crude oil, Radicle, Mitochondria ATPases.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1099476

References:

[1] K-J. Dietz, “Redox-Dependent Regulation, Redox Control and Oxidative Damage in Plant Cells Subjected to Abiotic Stress. In Plant Stress Tolerance,” Methods and Protocols, Sunkar R. (ed), Humana Press, Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London, 2010. pp 57– 70.
[2] N. Merckl, R. Schutze-Kraft, and M. Arias, “Influence of fertilizer level on phytoremediation of crude oil-contaminated soils with the tropical grass Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf.” In: Phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. Merkl, N. (Ed), Margraf Publisher, Weikershim, 2005, pp 71-83
[3] C. I. Onuoha, A. E. Arinze, and A. E. Alaga, “Evaluation of growth of some fungiin crude oil polluted environment,” Global Journal of Agr. Sci., 2:1596-2903, 2003.
[4] J. G. Bundy, G. I. Paton, and C. D. Campbell, “Combined microbial community level and single species biosensor responses to monitor recovery of oil polluted soil,” Soil Biol. Biochem., 36(7):1149-1159, 2004.
[5] F. I. Achuba, and B. O. Peretiemo-Clarke, “Effect of spent engine oil on soil catalase and dehydrogenase activities,” Int. Agrophysics, 22, 1-4, 2008.
[6] R. A. O. Odejimi, and O. Ogbalu, “Physiological Impact of Crude Oil Polluted Soil on Growth, Carbohydrate and Protein Levels of Edible Shoot of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfera occidentalis),” In: Botany and Environmental Health, Akpan, G. and C.S.J.Odoemena (Eds.).UniversityofUyo,Uyo,Nigeria, 2006, pp:102-105.
[7] G. Omosun, A. A. Markson, and O. Mbanasor, “Growth and Anatomy of Amaranthus Hybridus as Affected by Different Crude Oil Concentrations,” Am-Euras. J. Sci. Res., 3 (1): 70-74,2008.
[8] C. O. Adenipekun, “Bioremediation of engine oil polluted soil by Pleurotus tuber regium Singer, a Nigerian whole-rot fungus,” Afri, J Biotech. 7: 055-58, 2008
[9] C. Ortega-Villasante, R. Rellán-Álvarez, F. F. del Campo, R. O. Carpena-Ruiz, and L. E. Hernández, “Cellular damage induced by cadmium and mercury in Medicago sativa,”,” J Expt Bot.56: 2239– 2251, 2005.
[10] O. M. Adedokun, and A. E. Ataga, “Effects of amendments and bioaugumentation of soil polluted with crude oil, automotive gasoline oil, and spent engine oil on the growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp),” Scientific Res. Essay, 2(5):197-149, 2007.
[11] S. Siddiqui, and W. A. Adams, “The fate of diesel hydrocarbons in soils and their effects on germination of perennial ryegrass,” Envtal Toxicol., 17 (1): 49-62, 2002.
[12] O. O. Amund, and T. S. Akangou, “Microbial degradation of four Nigerian crude oils in an estuarine microcosm,” Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 16: 118 – 121, 1993.
[13] G. Nicolotti, and S. Eglis, “Soil contamination by crude oil: impact on the mycorrhizosphere and on the revegetation potential of forest trees,” Envtal Pollu, 99: 37-43, 1998.
[14] M. Kontagora, “Address at an International Symposium on the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan for Nigeria held at Badagri, Feb. 1991:1-3.
[15] J. A Rentz, B. Chapman, P. J. Alvarez, and J. L. Schnoor, “Stimulation of hybrid poplar growth in petroleum-contaminated soils through oxygen addition and soil nutrient amendments,” Intl J. Phytoremed. 5, 57–72, 2003.
[16] W. Aprill, and R. Sims, “Evaluation of the use of prairie grasses for stimulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon treatment in soil,” Chemosphere. 20, 253–265, 1990.
[17] H. H. Liste, and M. Alexander, “Plant-promoted pyrene degradation in soil,” Chemosphere 40, 7–10, 2000
[18] J. W. Anderson, J. M. Neff, B. A. Cox, H. E. Tatem, and G. M. Hightower, “Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish,” Mar. Biol. 27: 75 – 88, 1974.
[19] J. M. C. Gutteridge, and C. Wilkins, “Copper dependent hydroxyl radical damage ascorbic and formation of a thiobarbituric and reactive products,” FEBS Lett., 137: 327 – 340, 1982
[20] K. A. Sinha, “Calorimetric assay of catalase,” Anal. Biochem. 47: 389 – 394, 1971.
[21] H. P. Misra, and I. Fridovich, “The role of superoixide ion in the antioxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase,” J. Biol. Chem. 247: 3170 – 3175, 1972.
[22] R. D. Douce, J. Bourgurgnon, R. Brouguisse, and M. Neuburger, “Isolation of plant mitochondria. General principles and criteria of integrity,” Meth. Enzymol. 148: 403 – 409, 1987.
[23] R. Matsukama, and Tajikuchi, “Effects ofindomethsun on Ca2+ stimulated adenosine triphospahate in the synaptic vesicles of rat brain in vitr,” Intl. J. Biochem. 14: 713 – 714, 1981.
[24] C. H. Fiske, and Y. Subarrow, “The colorimetric determination of phosphorus,” J. Biol. Chem. 66: 375 – 400, 1925.
[25] O. H. Lowry, N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr, and R. J. Randal, “Protein measurement with folin-phenol reagent,” J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265 – 275, 1951.
[26] R. R. Sokal, and F. J. Rohlf, “The Principles and Practices of Statistics in Biological Research,” Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1969, pp. 469-484
[27] D. Tanyolac, Y. Ekmekci, and S. Unalan, “Changes in photochemical and antioxidant enzyme activities in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves exposed to excess copper,” Chemosphere, 67: 89–98, 2007.
[28] S. Gao, R. Yan, M. Cao, W. Yang, S. Wang, and F. Chen, “Effects of copper on growth, antioxidant enzymes and phenylalanine ammonialyase activities in Jatropha curcas L. seedling,” Plant Soil Environ., 54 (3): 117–122, 2008.
[29] O. M. Agbogidi, P. G. Eruotor, and S. O. Akparabi, “Effects of time of application of crude oil to soil on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.),” Res. J. Envtal Toxicol.., 1(3): 116-123, 2007.
[30] J. M. Ayotamuno, and R. B. Kogbara, “Determining the tolerance level of Zea mays (maize) to a crude oil polluted agricultural soil,” Afri. J Biotech., 6 (11), pp. 1332-1337, 2007.
[31] O. Blokhina, “Anoxia and Oxidative Stress: Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant Status and Mitochondrial Functions in Plants”. Ph.D Thesis, 2000, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
[32] E. N. Edema, “Effect of produced water and water soluble fraction of crude oil on Allium cepa,” J. Appl. Biosci. 30: 1866 – 1872, 2010.
[33] T. V. Chirkova, L. O. Novitskaya, and O. B. Blokhina, “Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems under anoxia in plants differing in their tolerance to oxygen deficiency,” Russian J. Plant Physiol. 45(1): 55-62, 1998.
[34] H. C. C. Maduka, “Effect of the time Course administration of Bergenin on lipid peroxidation and some antioxidant defences during normal biological oxidation reactions in weaning rats in vivo,” Nig. J. Bot., 21: 109 – 121, 2008.
[35] R. Mittler, “Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance,” Trends Plant Sci., 7: 405–410, 2002.
[36] R. M. Aitken, M. Palerson, H. Fisher, D. W. Buckingham, and M. Van Duin, “Redox regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation in human spermatozoa and its role in the control of human sperm function,” J Cell Sc., 180: 2017 – 2005, 1995.
[37] G. E. Eriyamremu, S. O. Asagba, and K. Atoe, “Lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and mitochondria ATPases in the radicle of germinating bean (Vigna unguiculata) exposed to different doses of cadmium and lead,” Plant Archives. 7(1): 39-46, 2007.
[38] L. Taiz, and E. Zeiger, “Na+ Transport across the Plasma Membrane and Vacuolar Compartmentation,” In: A Companion to Plant Physiology. Fourth Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publisher. Sunderland, 2004.
[39] A. Vianello, F. Macri, E. Braidot, and E. N. Mokhova, “Effect of cyclosporin A on energy coupling in pea stem mitochondria,” FEBS Lett. 371: 258-260, 1995.
[40] P. Bernardi, K. M. Broekmeier, and D. R. Pfeiffer, “Recent progress on regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: A cyclosporin-sensitive pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane,” J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 26: 509-517,1994.
[41] P. Bernardi, and V. Petronilli, “The permeability transition pore as a mitochondria calcium release channel: A critical appraisal,” J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 28: 131-138, 1996.
[42] F. Ichas, S. Jouaville, and J. P. Mazat, “Mitochondria are excitable organelles capable of generating and conveying electrical and calcium signals,” Cell, 89:1145-1153, 1997.