Ballast Water Management Triad: Administration, Ship Owner and the Seafarer

Authors: Rajoo Balaji, Omar Yaakob

Abstract:

The Ballast Water Convention requires less than 5% of the world tonnage for ratification. Consequently, ships will have to comply with the requirements. Compliance evaluation and enforcement will become mandatory. Ship owners have to invest in treatment systems and shipboard personnel have to operate them and ensure compliance. The monitoring and enforcement will be the responsibilities of the Administrations. Herein, a review of the current status of the Ballast Water Management and the issues faced by these are projected. Issues range from efficacy and economics of the treatment systems to sampling and testing. Health issues of chemical systems, paucity of data for decision support etc., are other issues. It is emphasized that management of ballast water must be extended to ashore and sustainable solutions must be researched upon. An exemplar treatment system based on ship’s waste heat is also suggested.

Keywords: Ballast water management, Compliance evaluation, Compliance enforcement, Sustainability.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1094215

References:

[1] International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, London, 2004, International Maritime Organization.
[2] F.C. Dobbs, and A. Rogerson, Ridding ships’ ballast water of microorganisms, Environmental Science and Technology, June 2005: 259A-264A.
[3] www.imo.org Status of Conventions, Last accessed 16 June 2014, 0900 LT.
[4] S. Gollasch, BWO Technical outline and requirements for organism detection systems for establishing compliance enforcement. Summary of Final Report, Interreg IVB Project, 2012, Pp. 5.
[5] D.K. Gray, T.H. Johengen, D.F. Reid, and H.J. Macisaac, (2007). Efficacy of open-ocean ballast water exchange as a means of preventing invertebrate invasions between freshwater ports, Limnology and Oceanography, 2007, 52(6):2386-2397.
[6] T. McCollin, A.M. Shanks, and J. Dunn, Changes in zooplankton abundance and diversity after ballast water exchange in regional seas, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2008, 56:834-844.
[7] Ballast water treatment technology, Riviera Maritime Media Ltd., 2013, Vol.5, Pp.22.
[8] R. Balaji, O. Yaakob, and K.K. Koh, A review of developments in ballast water management, Environmental Reviews, 2014, 22:dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0073.
[9] T. Fileman, and T. Vance, Ballast water-A question of balance, Marine Scientist, 2010, 33:22-25.
[10] D.M. King, P.T. Hagan, M. Riggio, and D.A. Wright, Preview of global ballast water treatment markets, Journal of Marine Engineering and Technology, 2012, 11(1):3-15.
[11] Lloyds Register Report, Ballast Water Treatment Technology Current Status, 3rd Edition, February 2010, 7-35.
[12] S. Banerji, B. Werschkun, and T. Höfer, Assessing the risk of ballast water treatment to human health, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2012, 62:513-522.
[13] F. Fuhr, J. Finke, P.P. Stehouwer, S. Osterhuis, and M. Veldhuis, Factors influencing organism counts in ballast water samples and their implications, Emerging ballast water management systems In Proceedings of the IMO-WMU Research and Development Forum, January 2010. 253-259.
[14] M.G. Parsons, and M. Kotinis, Seaway-sized bulk carrier model for hydrodynamic optimization of ballast-free ship design, Research Report, 2006, Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute.
[15] N.V. He, and Y. Ikeda, 2013. Optimization of Bow shape for a Non Ballast Water Ship, Journal of Marine Science and Application, 2013, 12:251-160. doi: 10.1007/s11804-013-1196-8.
[16] GloBallast Monograph series 20, 2011. Establishing equivalency in the performance testing and compliance monitoring of emerging alternative Ballast Water Management Systems -A Technical Review. GEF-UNDP-IMO GloBallast partnerships Programme and GESAMP IMO/FAO/ UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, GESAMP Reports and Studies No.82. London.
[17] M. Veldhuis, C. ten Hallers, E. Brutel de la Rivière, F. Fuhr, F., J. Finke, I. van de Star, and C. van Sloote, Ballast water treatment systems, Old and new ones, Emerging ballast water management systems, In Proceedings of the IMO-WMU Research and Development Forum, January 2010. 27-37.
[18] A. Zipperle, A., J. van Gils, B. van Hattum, and S. Heise, Guidance for a Harmonized Emission Scenario Document ESD on ballast water discharge, Report UBA-FB 001481/E, 2011, Federal Environmental Agency. UmweltBundesAmt, Germany.
[19] R. Balaji, and O. Yaakob, An analysis of shipboard waste heat availability for ballast water treatment, Journal of Marine Engineering and Technology, 2012, 11(2):15-29.
[20] R. Balaji, and O. Yaakob, Envisaging a ballast water treatment system from shipboard waste heat, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Maritime Technology, 25-28 June 2012, Harbin, China.