{"title":"Analysis of Explosive Shock Wave and its Application in Snow Avalanche Release","authors":"Mahmoud Zarrini, R. N. Pralhad","volume":43,"journal":"International Journal of Mathematical and Computational Sciences","pagesStart":866,"pagesEnd":870,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/698","abstract":"
Avalanche velocity (from start to track zone) has been estimated in the present model for an avalanche which is triggered artificially by an explosive devise. The initial development of the model has been from the concept of micro-continuum theories [1], underwater explosions [2] and from fracture mechanics [3] with appropriate changes to the present model. The model has been computed for different slab depth R, slope angle θ, snow density ¤ü, viscosity μ, eddy viscosity η*and couple stress parameter η. The applicability of the present model in the avalanche forecasting has been highlighted.<\/p>\r\n","references":"[1] V.K. Stokes : Couple stresses in Fluids. Phys Fluids 9, 1710-15, 1966.\r\n[2] RS. Hollyer, Direct shock-wave damage to merchant ships from noncontact\r\nunderwater explosion. Trans SNAME; 67:773-84, 1959.\r\n[3] M.F. Kannien and C. H. Popelar, Advanced fracture mechanics. Oxford\r\nUniversity Press, 1985.\r\n[4] M. Mellor, Avalanches. Technical Report CRSE III-A3d, Cold Regions\r\nResearch Engineering Laboratory, 1968.\r\n[5] B. Salm, On Non-uniform, Steady Flow of Avalanching Snow. IASH\r\nPublisher, No. 79, 161-188, 1986.\r\n[6] D.M. Gray and D. H. Male, Handbook of snow. Pergamon Press, Ontario,\r\nCanada, 1981.\r\n[7] P. Bartelt, B. Salm and U. Gruber, Calculating dense-snow avalanche runout\r\nusing a Voellmy-fluid model with active\/passive longitudinal straining.\r\nJournal of Glaciology, 45(150):242254, 1999.\r\n[8] F.M. White, Fluid Mechanics. Mc-Graw-Hill, 2003.\r\n[9] D.M. McClung, Derivation of Voellmys maximum speed and run-out\r\nestimates from a centre of mass model. Journal of Glaciology, 29(102),\r\n1983.\r\n[10] A. Voellmy, Uber die Zerstorungskraft von Lawinen. Schweizerische\r\nBaiuzeiturzg, Jahrg. 73, Ht. 12, p. 159-162, 1955.\r\n[11] J. Schweizer, Review of Dry Snow Slab Avalanche Release. J. Cold\r\nRegion Science and Technology, 30, 43-57, 1999.\r\n[12] S.C. Cowin, The theory of polar fluids. Adv. In Appl. Mech. 14, 279-\r\n347, 1974.\r\n[13] A.C. Eringan, Theory of micro polar fluids. J. Math. Mech. 16, 1-18,\r\n1966.\r\n[14] M. Zarrini and R. N. Pralhad, Application of Fluid Dynamics and\r\nFracture Mechanics in the Estimation of Avalanche Release Velocity, .\r\nProceedings of 35th National Annual Conference on Fluid Mechanics\r\nand Fluid Power, P.E.S. Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India, 10-13,\r\n2008.\r\n[15] C. F. Hung, P. Y. Hsu and J. J. Hwang-Fuu, Elastic shock response of\r\nan air-backed plate to underwater explosion (in detonation file). Trans\r\nSNAME: 151-158, 2005.\r\n[16] K. Ramajeyathilagama and C. P. Vendhanb, Deformation and rupture\r\nof thin rectangular plates objected to underwater shock. International\r\nJournal of Impact Engineering (Elsevier) 30, 699-719, 2004.","publisher":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology","index":"Open Science Index 43, 2010"}