TY - JFULL AU - Erik Pontiskoski and Kazuhiro Asakawa PY - 2009/6/ TI - Overcoming Barriers to Open Innovation at Apple, Nintendo and Nokia T2 - International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering SP - 369 EP - 375 VL - 3 SN - 1307-6892 UR - https://publications.waset.org/pdf/11055 PU - World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology NX - Open Science Index 29, 2009 N2 - This is a conceptual paper on the application of open innovation in three case examples of Apple, Nintendo, and Nokia. Utilizing key concepts from research into managerial and organizational cognition, we describe how each company overcame barriers to utilizing open innovation strategy in R&D and commercialization projects. We identify three levels of barriers: cognitive, behavioral, and institutional, and describe the companies balanced between internal and external resources to launch products that were instrumental in companies reinventing themselves in mature markets. ER -