Luminosity Proper Distance Consistency of Non-expanding Vacuum Space Decay Universe Model

Authors: ¬Yongbai Yin

Abstract:

The Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric and the luminosity of remote radiation sources were re-derived in the Vacuum Space Decay (VSD) non-expanding universe model. The modified FLRW metric has a similar form to the classical FLRW metric, showing an elegant consistency of the VSD model with the known astronomical observation on the universe. The total radiation power of a blackbody rederived based on the fundamental physics law of the Planck’s blackbody radiation, as described by the modified Stefan–Boltzmann law, is independent of the stage of the universe, implying that the conservation law of total radiation energy in the universe is firmly upheld. The study confirms that the apparent magnitude or brightness of a remote radiation source at a given proper distance, as observed from Earth, aligns with the determination of the proper distance using the conventional methodology, such as those for the “Big Bang” model. This agreement supports the VSD non-expanding universe model in terms of that the conventional astronomical observation results can be integrated directly into the VSD model, eliminating the need on using concepts like “expanding”, “accelerate expanding”, “Dark Matter”, and “Dark Energy”. Furthermore, the temperature of a blackbody remains invariant across different stages of the universe. This finding bolsters the argument that the extraordinarily and unimaginably high-temperature radiation sources posited in the beginning of the universe in the “Big Bang” model are not required in the VSD model.

Keywords: FLRW metric, redshift, dark energy, dark matters, expanding universe, evolution of the universe, Planck’s law of blackbody radiation, the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the Stefan–Boltzmann law.

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