The Harmonious Blend of Digitalization and 3D Printing: Advancing Aerospace Jet Pump Development
Authors: Subrata Sarkar, Amit Kalmegh, Patricia Cabrera, Andrew Masson, Oliver Fletcher
Abstract:
The aerospace industry is experiencing a profound product development transformation driven by the powerful integration of digitalization and 3D printing technologies. This paper delves into the significant impact of this convergence on aerospace innovation, specifically focusing on developing jet pumps for fuel systems. This case study is a compelling example of the immense potential of these technologies. In response to the industry's increasing demand for lighter, more efficient, and customized components, the combined capabilities of digitalization and 3D printing are reshaping how we envision, design, and manufacture critical aircraft parts, offering a new paradigm in aerospace engineering. We consider the development of a jet pump for a fuel system, a task that presents unique and complex challenges. Despite its seemingly simple design, the jet pump's development is hindered by many demanding operating conditions. The qualification process for these pumps involves many analyses and tests, leading to substantial delays and increased costs in fuel system development. However, by harnessing the power of automated simulations and integrating legacy design, manufacturing, and test data through digitalization, we can optimize the jet pump's design and performance, thereby revolutionizing product development. Furthermore, 3D printing's ability to create intricate structures using various materials, from lightweight polymers to high-strength alloys, holds the promise of highly efficient and durable jet pumps. The combined impact of digitalization and 3D printing extends beyond design, as it also reduces material waste and advances sustainability goals, aligning with the industry's increasing commitment to environmental responsibility. In conclusion, the convergence of digitalization and 3D printing is not just a technological advancement but a gateway to a new era in aerospace product development, particularly in the design of jet pumps. This revolution promises to redefine how we create aerospace components, making them safer, more efficient, and environmentally responsible. As we stand at the forefront of this technological revolution, aerospace companies must embrace these technologies as a choice and a strategic imperative for those striving to lead in innovation and sustainability in the 21st century.
Keywords: Jet pump, digitalization, 3D printing, aircraft fuel system.
Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 79References:
[1] Rich, Ben R., and Leo Janos. Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed. Little, Brown and Company, 1994 https://books.google.com/books/about/Skunk_Works.html?id=L-zAQgAACAAJ
[2] Reis, J., Amorim, M., Melão, N., Cohen, Y., Rodrigues, M. (2020). Digitalization: A Literature Review and Research Agenda. In: Anisic, Z., Lalic, B., Gracanin, D. (eds) Proceedings on 25th International Joint Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management – IJCIEOM. IJCIEOM 2019. Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43616-2_47
[3] Calzado, Mariano & Romero, Luis & Domínguez, Iris & Espinosa, M.M. & Domínguez, M. (2019). Additive Manufacturing Technologies: An Overview about 3D Printing Methods and Future Prospects. Complexity. In Press. 10.1155/2019/9656938. DOI:10.1155/2019/9656938.
[4] National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2011 Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13274
[5] Brett Lyons, “Additive Manufacturing in Aerospace; Examples and Research Outlook,” The Boeing Company, National Academy of Engineering, Frontiers of Engineering 2011, Additive Manufacturing, September 19th, 2011.
[6] Kenneth J. Laskey, PH.D., Martha L. Farinacci, Omar C. Diaz, D.C.S., “Digital Engineering Fundamentals: A Common Basis for Digital Engineering Discussions,” SEP 27, 2021 https://www.mitre.org/news-insights/publication/digital-engineering-fundamentals-common-basis
[7] Carou, Diego. (2021). Aerospace and Digitalization: A Transformation Through Key Industry 4.0 Technologies. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67849-4.
[8] Huang, Jingwei & Gheorghe, A.V & Handley, Holly & Pazos, Pilar & Pinto, C Ariel & Kovacic, Samuel & Collins, Andy & Keating, Charles & Sousa-Poza, Andres & Rabadi, Ghaith & Unal, Rifat & Cotter, Teddy & Landaeta, Rafael & Daniels, Charles. (2020). Towards Digital Engineering -- The Advent of Digital Systems Engineering https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339526887_Towards_Digital_Engineering_The_Advent_of_Digital_Systems_Engineering
[9] Schenker A., Smith T., Nicholas W., “Digital Engineering Effectiveness,” Carnegie Mellon University, Software Engineering Institute, 2022. https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/asset_files/WhitePaper/2022_019_001_884490.pdf
[10] “How Does the Aerospace Industry Use 3D Printing Services?,” https://www.central-scanning.co.uk/aerospace-industry-3d-printing-services/
[11] “3D Printing Aerospace,” https://www.3ds.com/make/solutions/industries/3d-printing-aerospace
[12] “How the Aerospace Industry is Using 3D Printing in 2022,” https://blog.grabcad.com/blog/2022/06/08/aerospace-industry-using-3d-printing-2022/
[13] Langton R., Clark C., Hewitt M., Richards L., “Aircraft Fuel Systems,” 15 May 2009, Print ISBN:9780470057087, Online ISBN:9780470059470, DOI:10.1002/9780470059470.
[14] Gavel, Hampus. (2007), “On aircraft fuel systems : conceptual design and modeling.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261236107_On_aircraft_fuel_systems_conceptual_design_and_modeling
[15] Airbus S.A.S. (2005), “T1-28-Fuel,” Airbus Training & Flight Operations Support and Services, Toulouse.
[16] Airbus (2006), “28-Fuel System,” Airbus Training manuals.
[17] Airbus (2000), “ATA-28: Technical Training Manual,” Airbus, Blagnac.
[18] Boeing, “Boeing B737 NG – Systems Summary (Fuel),” https://737ng.co.uk/B_NG-Fuel.pdf
[19] “C172S Nav III Training Manual,” https://www.crosswindsaviation.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Cessna-172S-Training-Guide.pdf
[20] Jiménez, Juan & Giron-Sierra, Jose & Insaurralde, Carlos & Seminario, Miguel. (2007). A simulation of aircraft fuel management system. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory. 15. 544-564. 10.1016/j.simpat.2007.01.007.
[21] Plaza, Elías & Santos Peñas, Matilde. (2022). Management and intelligent control of in‐flight fuel distribution in a commercial aircraft. Expert Systems. 10.1111/exsy.13075.
[22] A340-200 / 300 / 500 / 600 Family Differences Brochure, Airbus Training & Flight Operations Support Division, https://www.smartcockpit.com/docs/Airbus_A340_Technical_Differences.pdf
[23] Airbus Training, A330, Flight Crew Operating Manual, Fuel, Rev 15, https://www.smartcockpit.com/docs/A330-Fuel.pdf
[24] FLIGHT FACTOR A350 MANUAL, “A350-900 Flight Deck and Systems Briefing for Simmers,” December 2014, https://vdocument.in/flight-factor-a350-manual.html?page=1
[25] Ayson, E., Dhanani, R., and Parker, G., "The 747 Fuel System," SAE Technical Paper 700276, 1970, https://doi.org/10.4271/700276
[26] Training Manual Airbus A320, Ata 28 Combustiblea320 Technical Training Manual Mechanics / Electrics & Avionics Course 28 Fuel System A320 Technical Training Manual Mechanics / Electrics & Avionics Course 28 Fuel System, Airbus Industrie.
[27] Training Manual B 737-300/400/500, ATA28FUEL, ATA 104 LEVEL 3.
[28] “Boeing 757-200/300 Aircraft Operations Manual,” 7th Edition, April 2013, https://vdocuments.net/b757-manual.html?page=1
[29] James Albright, “Fuel System,” https://www.code450.com/fuel-system
[30] Pilot’s Operating Manual, “HondaJet Model HA-420,” March 3, 2017.
[31] “EMB-120 Brasilia Pilot Training Manual,” Volume 2 Aircraft Systems.
[32] Learjet 20 Series Pilot Training Manual, Volume 2, Aircraft Systems Second Edition, https://data2.manualslib.com/pdf7/191/19043/1904238-learjet/20_series.pdf?b85fee5c5e5ad87943e57a649b506086
[33] “How to Optimize Centrifugal Pump Operation, Part 2”, https://www.pumpsandsystems.com/how-optimize-centrifugal-pump- operation-part-2#:~:text=Low%20flow%E2%80%94usually%20lower %20than%2050%20percent%20of%20BEP,as%20low%20as%2035 %20percent%20of%20BEP%20flow
[34] Kristoffer K. McKee, Gareth Forbes, Ilyas Mazhar, Rodney Entwistle and Ian Howard, “A review of major centrifugal pump failure modes with application to the water supply and sewerage industries,” Curtin University, Western Australia.
[35] J. F. Guelich, “Part Load Flow Phenomena and Excitation Forces in Centrifugal Pumps,” Vibration and Wear in High Speed Rotating Machinery, 1990, Volume 174 ISBN: 978-94-010-7354-7, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-1914-3_8
[36] J. F. Guelich, (2008). Partload operation, impact of 3-D flow phenomena performance. In: Centrifugal Pumps. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73695-0_5
[37] Shinde, Prakash & Satam, Ajinkya. (2014). Cavitation Effect in Centrifugal Pump. 2. 20-23, International Journal of Researchers, Scientists and Developers, Vol. 2 No. 2 April 2014 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357003118_Cavitation_Effect_in_Centrifugal_Pump
[38] J. H. Dymond, N. Stranges and K. Younsi, "Stator winding failures: contamination, surface discharge, tracking," Industry Applications Society 46th Annual Petroleum and Chemical Technical Conference (Cat.No. 99CH37000), San Diego, CA, USA, 1999, pp. 337-344, doi: 10.1109/PCICON.1999.806452.
[39] T. R. Gaerke and D. C. Hernandez, "Root cause analysis of motor stator failures," Conference Record of 2013 Annual IEEE Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (PPIC), Charlotte, NC, USA, 2013, pp. 11-16, doi: 10.1109/PPIC.2013.6656037.
[40] Fuel System, Chapter 13 – Fuel System, CRJ Regional Jet, https://www.smartcockpit.com/docs/CRJ-00_and_00-Fuel_System.pdf
[41] Systems, ATR Training & Flight Operations Services, https://data2.manualslib.com/pdf7/177/17683/1768296-atr/42500.pdf?6d82083e3125f39fee2624669d7a0106
[42] Klapprott, R. and Smith, L., "The Jet Pump as a Fuel Pump for Today's Aircraft," SAE Technical Paper 660223, 1966, https://doi.org/10.4271/660223.
[43] S. H. Winoto, H. Li, and D. A. Shah, “Efficiency of Jet Pumps,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Volume 126, Issue 2, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2000)126:2(150)
[44] Xu, K.; Wang, G.; Wang, L.; Yun, F.; Sun, W.; Wang, X.; Chen, X. Parameter Analysis and Optimization of Annular Jet Pump Based on Kriging Model. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 7860. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217860
[45] A. A. A. Sheha, M. Nasr, M. A. Hosien, and E. M. Wahba, “Computational and Experimental Study on the Water-Jet Pump Performance,” Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 1013-1020, 2018, DOI: 10.29252/jafm.11.04.28407.
[46] Hammoud, Ali. (2006). Effect of design and operational parameters on jet pump performance. IEEE Personal Communications - IEEE Pers. Commun. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242122711_Effect_of_design_and_operational_parameters_on_jet_pump_performance
[47] Cunningham, R. G., Hansen, A. G., and Na, T. Y. (September 1, 1970). "Jet Pump Cavitation." ASME. J. Basic Eng. September 1970; 92(3): 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3425040
[48] Xiaodong Wang, Yunliang Chen, Mengqiu Li, Yong Xu, Bo Wang & Xiaoqiang Dang (2020), “Numerical investigation of the cavitation performance of annular jet pumps with different profiles of suction chamber and throat inlet,” Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 14:1, 1416-1428, DOI: 10.1080/19942060.2020.1824875.
[49] Sarkar, S., Golecha, K., Kohli, S., Mills, V. et al., "Robust Design of Jet Pump," SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-0416, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-0416
[50] Sarkar, S., Kumar, S., Singhal, A., Kohli, S. et al., "Common Design of Jet Pump for Gasoline and Diesel Based Vehicles," SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-0458, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0458
[51] Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU), “Ejector and Jet Pumps-Design and Performance for Incompressible Liquid Flow,” Item number 85032, ESDU International Ltd., London, 1985.
[52] Nelson, L., “Noncavitating and Cavitating Performance of Several Low Area Ratio Water Jet Pumps Having Throat Lengths of 3.54 Diameters,” NASA Technical Note, NASA TN D-5095, 1969.
[53] Sawaf, E., Halawa, M. A., Younes, M. A., et al., “Study of the different parameters that influence on the performance of water Jet Pump,” Fifteenth International Water Technology Conference, 2011.
[54] Prakeao, C., Takayama, S., Aoki, K., et al., “Numerical prediction on the optimum mixing throat length for drive nozzle position of the central Jet Pump,” The 10th International Symposium on Flow Visualization F0328, 2002.
[55] Hammoud, A.H., “Effect of design and operational parameters on Jet Pump performance,” Proceedings of the 4th WSEAS International Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics (245-252), 2006.
[56] Feng Y, Zhao Y, Zheng H, Li Z, Tan J. Data-driven product design toward intelligent manufacturing: A review. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems. 2020;17(2). doi:10.1177/1729881420911257.
[57] Zuoxu Wang, Pai Zheng, Xinyu Li, Chun-Hsien Chen, Implications of data-driven product design: From information age towards intelligence age, Advanced Engineering Informatics, Volume 54, 2022,101793, ISSN 1474-0346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2022.101793.
[58] Pospíšil, Vladimira. (2017). Stochastic Methods in Risk Analysis. Transactions of the VŠB: Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series. 12. 10.1515/tvsbses-2017-0008, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319671933_Stochastic_Methods_in_Risk_Analysis
[59] Jacopo Lettori, Roberto Raffaeli, Margherita Peruzzini, Juliana Schmidt, Marcello Pellicciari, “Additive manufacturing adoption in product design: an overview from literature and industry,” Procedia Manufacturing, Volume 51, 2020, Pages 655-662, ISSN 2351-9789, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.10.092
[60] Mary Kathryn Thompson, Giovanni Moroni, Tom Vaneker, Georges Fadel, R. Ian Campbell, Ian Gibson, Alain Bernard, Joachim Schulz, Patricia Graf, Bhrigu Ahuja, Filomeno Martina, “Design for Additive Manufacturing: Trends, opportunities,” Considerations, and constraints, CIRP Annals, Volume 65, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 737-760, ISSN 0007-8506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.05.004
[61] Mohd Javaid, Abid Haleem, Ravi Pratap Singh, Rajiv Suman, Shanay Rab, “Role of additive manufacturing applications towards environmental sustainability,” Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, Volume 4, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 312-322, ISSN 2542-5048, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2021.07.005
[62] Nicholas P Dewhurst, “DFMA: An overview and a design story,” International Forum on Design for Manufacture and Assembly, October 2019, https://www.dfma.com/forum/2019pdf/dewhurst.pdf
[63] Bill Devenish, “Conducting a Step-by-Step DFA Analysis,” https://www.dfma.com/forum/2019pdf/devenish.pdf
[64] Skyler Hilburn, Timothy W. Simpson, “Designing for Additive Manufacturing: Three Use Cases in Industry,” https://www.dfma.com/forum/2019pdf/HilburnPresentation.pdf
[65] David Meeker, “Design Methodologies & Manufacturing Processes that Result in Automatic DFMA Improvements. https://www.dfma.com/forum/2019pdf/meeker.pdf
[66] Frank T. Crawford, Subrata Sarkar, Abhijit Borawake, Sean Brown, Lucas Stahl, “Fluid conduit and method of making same,” US11401953B2, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/a3/86/76/8bb6ded9e77441/US11401953.pdf