A Taxonomy of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Authors: A. Kardi, R. Zagrouba, M. Alqahtani

Abstract:

The Internet of Everything (IoE) presents today a very attractive and motivating field of research. It is basically based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in which the routing task is the major analysis topic. In fact, it directly affects the effectiveness and the lifetime of the network. This paper, developed from recent works and based on extensive researches, proposes a taxonomy of routing protocols in WSNs. Our main contribution is that we propose a classification model based on nine classes namely application type, delivery mode, initiator of communication, network architecture, path establishment (route discovery), network topology (structure), protocol operation, next hop selection and latency-awareness and energy-efficient routing protocols. In order to provide a total classification pattern to serve as reference for network designers, each class is subdivided into possible subclasses, presented, and discussed using different parameters such as purposes and characteristics.

Keywords: WSNs, sensor, routing protocols, survey.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1474821

References:

[1] Bana, Suman et Baghla, Silki. Wireless sensor network. International Journal of Engineering Science, 2016, vol. 1706.
[2] Prabhu, Boselin, Balakumar, N., et Antony, A. Johnson. Wireless Sensor Network Based Smart Environment Applications. 2017.
[3] Keskin, M. Emre, Altinel, I. Kuban, Aras, Necati, et al. Wireless sensor network design by lifetime maximisation: an empirical evaluation of integrating major design issues and sink mobility. International Journal of Sensor Networks, 2016, vol. 20, no 3, p. 131-146.
[4] Borges, Luis M., Velez, Fernando J., et Lebres, Antnio S. Survey on the characterization and classification of wireless sensor network applications. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 2014, vol. 16, no 4, p. 1860-1890.
[5] Agrawal, Dharma Prakash. Routing and Performance of Regular WSNs. In: Embedded Sensor Systems. Springer Singapore, 2017. p. 329-351.
[6] Shariff, Suha et Ahammed, GF Ali. Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols and Energy Models in WSN Using Qualnet. Adarsh Journal of Information Technology, 2017, vol. 6, no 1, p. 1-5.
[7] Kafi, Mohamed Amine, Othman, Jalel Ben, et Badache, Nadjib. A Survey on Reliability Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 2017, vol. 50, no 2, p. 31.
[8] Bulusu, Nirupama, Heidemann, John, et Estrin, Deborah. GPSless low-cost outdoor localization for very small devices. IEEE personal communications, 2000, vol. 7, no 5, p. 28-34.
[9] Singh, Surjit et Sharma, Rajeev Mohan. Localization System Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks (LSO-WSN). In: Handbook of Research on Wireless Sensor Network Trends, Technologies, and Applications. IGI Global, 2017. p. 1-34.
[10] Tambe, Kailas, Avulapati, Yaswanth Kumar, Mohan, G. Krishna, et al. A Novel Approach of Efficient Localization Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2016, vol. 9, no 47.
[11] Alghamdi, Wael Y., Wu, Hui, et Kanhere, Salil S. Reliable and Secure End-to-End Data Aggregation Using Secret Sharing in WSNs. In: Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2017 IEEE. IEEE, 2017. p. 1-6.
[12] Lee, Hyun-Jung, Soe, Myat Thida, Chauhdary, Sajjad Hussain, et al. A data aggregation scheme for boundary detection and tracking of continuous objects in WSN. Intelligent Automation Soft Computing, 2017, vol. 23, no 1, p. 135-147.
[13] Kumar, Nagesh et Singh, Yashwant. Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Handbook of Research on Advanced Wireless Sensor Network Applications, Protocols, and Architectures, 2017, p. 86-128.
[14] Sharma, Madhu, et al. New event-driven routing protocol for wireless community. Journal of Optical Communication Electronics, 2017, vol. 3, no 1, p. 17-22.
[15] Saleh, Ahmed I., Abo-Al-Ez, Khaled M., et Abdullah, Ahmed A. A Multi-Aware Query Driven (MAQD) routing protocol for mobile wireless sensor networks based on neuro-fuzzy inference. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 2017, vol. 88, p. 72-98.
[16] Raja, B., Rajakumar, R., Dhavachelvan, P., et al. A survey on classification of network structure routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. In: Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC), 2016 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2016. p. 1-5.
[17] Sabor, Nabil, Sasaki, Shigenobu, Abo-Zahhad, Mohammed, et al. A Comprehensive Survey on Hierarchical-Based Routing Protocols for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks: Review, Taxonomy, and Future Directions. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2017, vol. 2017.
[18] Liu, Daibo, Cao, Zhichao, Zhang, Yi, et al. Achieving Accurate and Real-Time Link Estimation for Low Power Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2017.
[19] Rachamalla, Sandhya et Kancherla, Anitha Sheela. A two-hop based adaptive routing protocol for real-time wireless sensor networks. SpringerPlus, 2016, vol. 5, no 1, p. 1110.
[20] Ghosh, R. K. Data Centric Routing, Interoperability and Fusion in WSN. In: Wireless Networking and Mobile Data Management. Springer Singapore, 2017. p. 265-298.
[21] Devi, R. Renuga et Sethukkarasi, R. A Study on Classification of Energy Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2016, vol. 5, no 4.
[22] Keswani, Kapil et Bhaskar, Anand. Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey. Futuristic Trends in Engineering, Science, Humanities, and Technology FTESHT-16, 2016, p. 1.
[23] Pahal, Seema et Dalal, Kusum. Performance evaluation of routing protocols in WSN using QualNet 5.3. Int J Recent Trends Eng Res, 2016, vol. 2, no 6, p. 223-231.
[24] Yar, Hekmat, Saad Ali, Syed, Yasin Shah, Shah, et al. A Review on Energy Efficient Hierarchical Routing Protocol In Wireless Sensor Networks. IJACTA, 2017, vol. 5, no 1, p. 049-055.
[25] Noel, Adam, Abdaoui, Abderrazak, Badawy, Ahmed, et al. Structural Health Monitoring using Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 2017.
[26] Singh, Baljinder, Singh, Tejpreet, et Sachdeva, Hargun Singh. Evaluating the performance of density grid-based clustering using ABC technique for efficient routing in WSNs. In: Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), 2017 51st Annual Conference on. IEEE, 2017. p. 1-7.
[27] Gherbi, Chirihane, Gherbi, Chirihane, Aliouat, Zibouda, et al. A survey on clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Sensor Review, 2017, vol. 37, no 1, p. 12-25.
[28] Echoukairi, Hassan, Bourgba, Khalid, et Ouzzif, Mohammed. A Survey on Flat Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Advances in Ubiquitous Networking. Springer, Singapore, 2016. p. 311-324.
[29] Malik, Sanjay K., Dave, Mayank, Dhurandher, Sanjay K., et al. An ant-based QoS-aware routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Soft Computing, 2016, p. 1-12.
[30] Kandalan, Roya Norouzi, Singh, Ramanpreet, Namuduri, Kamesh, et al. Impact of mobility on convergence rate in a wireless sensor network. In: Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), 2017 51st Annual Conference on. IEEE, 2017. p. 1-4.
[31] Gu, Yu, Ren, Fuji, JI, Yusheng, et al. The evolution of sink mobility management in wireless sensor networks: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 2016, vol. 18, no 1, p. 507-524.
[32] Jiang, Jinfang, Han, Guangjie, Guo, Hui, et al. Geographic multipath routing based on geospatial division in duty-cycled underwater wireless sensor networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 2016, vol. 59, p. 4-13.
[33] Saeed, Nimrah, Murad, Maryam, Nawaz, Mehmood, et al. Survey on Single Path and Multipath Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Computer and Communications, 2017, vol. 5, no 05, p. 1.
[34] Anasane, Aboli Arun et Satao, Rachana Anil. A survey on various multipath routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Procedia Computer Science, 2016, vol. 79, p. 610-615.
[35] Ahmed, Abdulrauf Montaser et Paulus, Rajeev. Congestion detection technique for multipath routing and load balancing in WSN. Wireless Networks, 2017, vol. 23, no 3, p. 881-888.
[36] Hasan, Mohammed Zaki, Al-Rizzo, Hussain, et Al-Turjman, Fadi. A Survey on Multipath Routing Protocols for QoS Assurances in Real-Time Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 2017.
[37] Bakht, Muhammad Paend et Shaikh, Aftab Ahmed. Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: Review and Survey. Journal of Applied and Emerging Sciences, 2016, vol. 6, no 1, p. pp18-23.
[38] Kumar, Jeevan, Tripathi, Sachin, et Tiwari, Rajesh Kumar. A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks using swarm intelligence. International Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, 2016, vol. 6, no 2, p. 79-102.
[39] Sethi, Deepak et P Bhattacharya, Partha. Artificial Neural Network Based Base Station Localization for Energy Efficient Routing in WSN. Recent Patents on Computer Science, 2016, vol. 9, no 3, p. 248- 259.
[40] Thakare, Amit N., Bhagat, Latesh, et Thomas, Achamma. A self-organised routing algorithm for cognitive radio-based wireless sensor networks using biologically-inspired method. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, 2017, vol. 6, no 2, p. 148-169.
[41] Luo, Haibo, He, Minghua, et Ruan, Zhiqiang. Timeaware and energyefficient opportunistic routing with residual energy collection in wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 2017, vol. 30, no 10.
[42] Gui, Tina, Ma, Christopher, Wang, Feng, et al. Survey on swarm intelligence-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: An extensive study. In: Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2016 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2016. p. 1944-1949.
[43] Zhao, Zuopeng, Hou, Mengting, Zhang, Nana, et al. Multipath Routing Algorithm Based on Ant Colony Optimization and Energy Awareness. Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal, 2017, vol. 94, no 4, p. 2937-2948.
[44] Sun, Yongjun, Dong, Wenxin, et Chen, Yahuan. An Improved Routing Algorithm Based on Ant Colony Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Communications Letters, 2017.
[45] Nayyar, Anand et Singh, Rajeshwar. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN): A Survey. International Journal Of Advanced Computer Science And Applications, 2017, vol. 8, no 2, p. 148-155.