{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Addition in the Intake Air of Compressed Engines Running on Biodiesel Blend","authors":"Hendrick Maxil Z\u00e1rate Rocha, Ricardo da Silva Pereira, Manoel Fernandes Martins Nogueira, Carlos R. Pereira Belchior, Maria Emilia de Lima Tostes","volume":129,"journal":"International Journal of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering","pagesStart":1604,"pagesEnd":1612,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/10008016","abstract":"This study investigates experimentally the effects
\r\nof hydrogen addition in the intake manifold of a diesel generator
\r\noperating with a 7% biodiesel-diesel oil blend (B7). An experimental
\r\napparatus setup was used to conduct performance and emissions tests
\r\nin a single cylinder, air cooled diesel engine. This setup consisted
\r\nof a generator set connected to a wirewound resistor load bank that
\r\nwas used to vary engine load. In addition, a flowmeter was used to
\r\ndetermine hydrogen volumetric flowrate and a digital anemometer
\r\ncoupled with an air box to measure air flowrate. Furthermore, a
\r\ndigital precision electronic scale was used to measure engine fuel
\r\nconsumption and a gas analyzer was used to determine exhaust
\r\ngas composition and exhaust gas temperature. A thermopar was
\r\ninstalled near the exhaust collection to measure cylinder temperature.
\r\nIn-cylinder pressure was measured using an AVL Indumicro data
\r\nacquisition system with a piezoelectric pressure sensor. An AVL
\r\noptical encoder was installed in the crankshaft and synchronized
\r\nwith in-cylinder pressure in real time. The experimental procedure
\r\nconsisted of injecting hydrogen into the engine intake manifold
\r\nat different mass concentrations of 2,6,8 and 10% of total fuel
\r\nmass (B7 + hydrogen), which represented energy fractions of 5,15,
\r\n20 and 24% of total fuel energy respectively. Due to hydrogen
\r\naddition, the total amount of fuel energy introduced increased
\r\nand the generators fuel injection governor prevented any increases
\r\nof engine speed. Several conclusions can be stated from the test
\r\nresults. A reduction in specific fuel consumption as a function
\r\nof hydrogen concentration increase was noted. Likewise, carbon
\r\ndioxide emissions (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned
\r\nhydrocarbons (HC) decreased as hydrogen concentration increased.
\r\nOn the other hand, nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx) increased due
\r\nto average temperatures inside the cylinder being higher. There
\r\nwas also an increase in peak cylinder pressure and heat release
\r\nrate inside the cylinder, since the fuel ignition delay was smaller
\r\ndue to hydrogen content increase. All this indicates that hydrogen
\r\npromotes faster combustion and higher heat release rates and can
\r\nbe an important additive to all kind of fuels used in diesel generators.","references":"[1] IEA, \u201cWorld energy outlook 2016.\u201d (Online). Available: \/content\/book\/\r\nweo-2016-en.\r\n[2] A. K. Agarwal, \u201cBiofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels\r\nfor internal combustion engines,\u201d Progress in energy and combustion\r\nscience, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 233\u2013271, 2007.\r\n[3] A. A. Hairuddin, T. Yusaf, and A. P. Wandel, \u201cA review of hydrogen and\r\nnatural gas addition in diesel hcci engines,\u201d Renewable and Sustainable\r\nEnergy Reviews, vol. 32, pp. 739\u2013761, 2014.\r\n[4] G. Prashant, D. Lata, and P. Joshi, \u201cInvestigations on the effect of ethanol\r\nblend on the combustion parameters of dual fuel diesel engine,\u201d Applied\r\nThermal Engineering, vol. 96, pp. 623\u2013631, 2016.\r\n[5] T. Sandalc\u0131, Y. Karag\u00a8oz, E. Orak, and L. Y\u00a8uksek, \u201cAn experimental\r\ninvestigation of ethanol-diesel blends on performance and exhaust\r\nemissions of diesel engines,\u201d Advances in Mechanical Engineering,\r\nvol. 6, p. 409739, 2014.\r\n[6] D. Y. Leung, X. Wu, and M. Leung, \u201cA review on biodiesel production\r\nusing catalyzed transesterification,\u201d Applied energy, vol. 87, no. 4, pp.\r\n1083\u20131095, 2010.\r\n[7] A. Datta and B. K. Mandal, \u201cA comprehensive review of biodiesel as\r\nan alternative fuel for compression ignition engine,\u201d Renewable and\r\nSustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 57, pp. 799\u2013821, 2016.\r\n[8] S. K. Hoekman, A. Broch, C. Robbins, E. Ceniceros, and M. Natarajan,\r\n\u201cReview of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications,\u201d\r\nRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 143\u2013169,\r\n2012. [9] R. Behc\u00b8et, \u201cPerformance and emission study of waste anchovy fish\r\nbiodiesel in a diesel engine,\u201d Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 92, no. 6,\r\npp. 1187\u20131194, 2011.\r\n[10] M. Gumus and S. Kasifoglu, \u201cPerformance and emission evaluation of\r\na compression ignition engine using a biodiesel (apricot seed kernel oil\r\nmethyl ester) and its blends with diesel fuel,\u201d Biomass and bioenergy,\r\nvol. 34, no. 1, pp. 134\u2013139, 2010.\r\n[11] H. Raheman and A. Phadatare, \u201cDiesel engine emissions and\r\nperformance from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel,\u201d Biomass\r\nand bioenergy, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 393\u2013397, 2004.\r\n[12] C. Rakopoulos, K. Antonopoulos, D. Rakopoulos, D. Hountalas, and\r\nE. Giakoumis, \u201cComparative performance and emissions study of\r\na direct injection diesel engine using blends of diesel fuel with\r\nvegetable oils or bio-diesels of various origins,\u201d Energy conversion and\r\nmanagement, vol. 47, no. 18, pp. 3272\u20133287, 2006.\r\n[13] R. Lanjekar and D. Deshmukh, \u201cA review of the effect of the\r\ncomposition of biodiesel on no x emission, oxidative stability and cold\r\nflow properties,\u201d Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 54,\r\npp. 1401\u20131411, 2016.\r\n[14] F. Christodoulou and A. Megaritis, \u201cExperimental investigation of the\r\neffects of separate hydrogen and nitrogen addition on the emissions\r\nand combustion of a diesel engine,\u201d International Journal of Hydrogen\r\nEnergy, vol. 38, no. 24, pp. 10 126\u201310 140, 2013.\r\n[15] H. Pan, S. Pournazeri, M. Princevac, J. W. Miller, S. Mahalingam,\r\nM. Y. Khan, V. Jayaram, and W. A. Welch, \u201cEffect of hydrogen\r\naddition on criteria and greenhouse gas emissions for a marine diesel\r\nengine,\u201d international journal of hydrogen energy, vol. 39, no. 21, pp.\r\n11 336\u201311 345, 2014.\r\n[16] S.-R. Jhang, K.-S. Chen, S.-L. Lin, Y.-C. Lin, and W. L. Cheng,\r\n\u201cReducing pollutant emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine by using\r\nhydrogen additions,\u201d Fuel, vol. 172, pp. 89\u201395, 2016.\r\n[17] Y. Karag\u00a8oz, \u02d9I. G\u00a8uler, T. Sandalc\u0131, L. Y\u00a8uksek, and A. S. Dalk\u0131l\u0131c\u00b8, \u201cEffect\r\nof hydrogen enrichment on combustion characteristics, emissions and\r\nperformance of a diesel engine,\u201d International Journal of Hydrogen\r\nEnergy, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 656\u2013665, 2016.\r\n[18] M. Morsy, A. El-Leathy, and A. Hepbasli, \u201cAn experimental study\r\non the performance and emission assessment of a hydrogen\/diesel\r\nfueled engine,\u201d Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and\r\nEnvironmental Effects, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 254\u2013264, 2015.\r\n[19] I. Batmaz, \u201cThe impact of using hydrogen as fuel on engine performance\r\nand exhaust emissions in diesel engines,\u201d Energy Sources, Part A:\r\nRecovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 35, no. 6, pp.\r\n556\u2013563, 2013.\r\n[20] M. O. Hamdan, M. Y. Selim, S.-A. Al-Omari, and E. Elnajjar,\r\n\u201cHydrogen supplement co-combustion with diesel in compression\r\nignition engine,\u201d Renewable Energy, vol. 82, pp. 54\u201360, 2015.\r\n[21] Y. Karag\u00a8oz, T. Sandalc\u0131, L. Y\u00a8uksek, and A. Dalk\u0131l\u0131c\u00b8, \u201cEngine\r\nperformance and emission effects of diesel burns enriched by hydrogen\r\non different engine loads,\u201d International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,\r\nvol. 40, no. 20, pp. 6702\u20136713, 2015.\r\n[22] H. K\u00a8ose and M. Ciniviz, \u201cAn experimental investigation of effect on\r\ndiesel engine performance and exhaust emissions of addition at dual fuel\r\nmode of hydrogen,\u201d Fuel processing technology, vol. 114, pp. 26\u201334,\r\n2013.\r\n[23] M. Deb, G. Sastry, P. Bose, and R. Banerjee, \u201cAn experimental study\r\non combustion, performance and emission analysis of a single cylinder,\r\n4-stroke di-diesel engine using hydrogen in dual fuel mode of operation,\u201d\r\nInternational journal of hydrogen energy, vol. 40, no. 27, pp. 8586\u20138598,\r\n2015.\r\n[24] T. Sandalc\u0131 and Y. Karag\u00a8oz, \u201cExperimental investigation of the\r\ncombustion characteristics, emissions and performance of hydrogen port\r\nfuel injection in a diesel engine,\u201d International journal of hydrogen\r\nenergy, vol. 39, no. 32, pp. 18 480\u201318 489, 2014.\r\n[25] T. Sandalc\u0131 and Y. Karag\u00a8oz, \u201cKismi y\u00a8uk s\u00b8artlarinda hidrojence\r\nzenginles\u00b8tirilmis\u00b8 diesel yanmasinin motor performansi ve emisyonlar\r\n\u00a8uzerindeki etkisi,\u201d Isi Bilimi ve Teknigi Dergisi\/Journal of Thermal\r\nScience & Technology, vol. 35, no. 2, 2015.\r\n[26] P. Bose, R. Banerjee, and M. Deb, \u201cEffect of hydrogen-diesel\r\ncombustion on the performance and combustion parameters of a dual\r\nfuelled diesel engine,\u201d International J of Energy and Environment, IV,(3),\r\npp. 497\u2013510, 2013.\r\n[27] V. S. Yadav, D. Sharma, and S. Soni, \u201cPerformance and combustion\r\nanalysis of hydrogen-fuelled ci engine with egr,\u201d International Journal\r\nof Hydrogen Energy, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 4382\u20134391, 2015.\r\n[28] R. Chiriac and N. Apostolescu, \u201cEmissions of a diesel engine using b20\r\nand effects of hydrogen addition,\u201d international journal of hydrogen\r\nenergy, vol. 38, no. 30, pp. 13 453\u201313 462, 2013.\r\n[29] N. Saravanan, G. Nagarajan, C. Dhanasekaran, and K. Kalaiselvan,\r\n\u201cExperimental investigation of hydrogen port fuel injection in di diesel\r\nengine,\u201d International journal of hydrogen energy, vol. 32, no. 16, pp.\r\n4071\u20134080, 2007.","publisher":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology","index":"Open Science Index 129, 2017"}