{"title":"Investigation of Flame and Soot Propagation in Non-Air Conditioned Railway Locomotives","authors":"Abhishek Agarwal, Manoj Sarda, Juhi Kaushik, Vatsal Sanjay, Arup Kumar Das","volume":117,"journal":"International Journal of Computer and Information Engineering","pagesStart":1612,"pagesEnd":1621,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/10005359","abstract":"Propagation of fire through a non-air conditioned
\r\nrailway compartment is studied by virtue of numerical simulations.
\r\nSimultaneous computational fire dynamics equations, such as
\r\nNavier-Stokes, lumped species continuity, overall mass and energy
\r\nconservation, and heat transfer are solved using finite volume based
\r\n(for radiation) and finite difference based (for all other equations)
\r\nsolver, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). A single coupe with an eight
\r\nberth occupancy is used to establish the numerical model, followed
\r\nby the selection of a three coupe system as the fundamental unit
\r\nof the locomotive compartment. Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area
\r\n(HRRPUA) of the initial fire is varied to consider a wide range of
\r\ncompartmental fires. Parameters, such as air inlet velocity relative
\r\nto the locomotive at the windows, the level of interaction with the
\r\nambiance and closure of middle berth are studied through a wide
\r\nrange of numerical simulations. Almost all the loss of lives and
\r\nproperties due to fire breakout can be attributed to the direct or
\r\nindirect exposure to flames or to the inhalation of toxic gases and
\r\nresultant suffocation due to smoke and soot. Therefore, the temporal
\r\nstature of fire and smoke are reported for each of the considered
\r\ncases which can be used in the present or extended form to develop
\r\nguidelines to be followed in case of a fire breakout.","references":"[1] N. Markatos, M. Malin, and G. Cox, \u201cMathematical modelling of\r\nbuoyancy-induced smoke flow in enclosures,\u201d International Journal of\r\nHeat and Mass Transfer, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 63\u201375, 1982.\r\n[2] A. Yuen, G. Yeoh, R. Alexander, and M. Cook, \u201cFire scene\r\nreconstruction of a furnished compartment room in a house fire,\u201d Case\r\nStudies in Fire Safety, vol. 1, pp. 29\u201335, 2014.\r\n[3] S. Vatsal and D. Arup Kumar, \u201cBuilding fire safety: Numerical\r\nsimulation and evacuation planning,\u201d in International Conference of the\r\nInternational Building Performance Simulation Association, Hyderabad,\r\nIndia, December 7-9, 2015, vol. 14. IBPSA, 2016, pp. 897\u2013904.\r\n[4] S.-J. MO, Z.-R. Li, D. Liang, J.-X. Li, and N.-j. Zhou, \u201cAnalysis of\r\nsmoke hazard in train compartment fire accidents base on fds,\u201d Procedia\r\nEngineering, vol. 52, pp. 284\u2013289, 2013.\r\n[5] A. Enbaya, T. Asim, R. Mishra, and R. B. Rao, \u201cFire safety analysis of a\r\nrailway compartment using computational fluid dynamics,\u201d International\r\nJournal of COMADEM, 2015.\r\n[6] W.-K. Chow, K. Lam, N. Fong, S. Li, and Y. Gao, \u201cNumerical\r\nsimulations for a typical train fire in china,\u201d Modelling and Simulation\r\nin Engineering, vol. 2011, p. 4, 2011.\r\n[7] N. White, \u201cFire development in passenger trains,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation,\r\nVictoria University, 2010.\r\n[8] J. S. Roh, H. S. Ryou, W. H. Park, and Y. J. Jang, \u201cCfd simulation\r\nand assessment of life safety in a subway train fire,\u201d Tunnelling and\r\nUnderground Space Technology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 447\u2013453, 2009.\r\n[9] R. D. Peacock, P. A. Reneke, W. W. Jones, R. W. Bukowski,\r\nand V. Babrauskas, \u201cConcepts for fire protection of passenger rail\r\ntransportation vehicles: past, present, and future,\u201d Fire and Materials,\r\nvol. 19, no. 2, pp. 71\u201387, 1995.\r\n[10] H.-T. Chen and S.-K. Lee, \u201cEstimation of heat-transfer characteristics\r\non the hot surface of glass pane with down-flowing water film,\u201d Building\r\nand environment, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 2089\u20132099, 2010.\r\n[11] K. McGrattan, S. Hostikka, J. Floyd, H. Baum, R. Rehm, W. Mell, and\r\nR. McDermott, \u201cFire dynamics simulator (version 5), technical reference\r\nguide,\u201d NIST special publication, vol. 1018, no. 5, 2004.\r\n[12] K. B. McGrattan and G. P. Forney, Fire Dynamics Simulator: User\u2019s\r\nManual. US Department of Commerce, Technology Administration,\r\nNational Institute of Standards and Technology, 2000.","publisher":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology","index":"Open Science Index 117, 2016"}