@article{(Open Science Index):https://publications.waset.org/pdf/10003377,
	  title     = {Investigating the Shear Behaviour of Fouled Ballast Using Discrete Element Modelling},
	  author    = {Ngoc Trung Ngo and  Buddhima Indraratna and  Cholachat Rujikiathmakjornr},
	  country	= {},
	  institution	= {},
	  abstract     = {For several hundred years, the design of railway tracks
has practically remained unchanged. Traditionally, rail tracks are
placed on a ballast layer due to several reasons, including economy,
rapid drainage, and high load bearing capacity. The primary function
of ballast is to distributing dynamic track loads to sub-ballast and
subgrade layers, while also providing lateral resistance and allowing
for rapid drainage. Upon repeated trainloads, the ballast becomes
fouled due to ballast degradation and the intrusion of fines which
adversely affects the strength and deformation behaviour of ballast.
This paper presents the use of three-dimensional discrete element
method (DEM) in studying the shear behaviour of the fouled ballast
subjected to direct shear loading. Irregularly shaped particles of
ballast were modelled by grouping many spherical balls together in
appropriate sizes to simulate representative ballast aggregates. Fouled
ballast was modelled by injecting a specified number of miniature
spherical particles into the void spaces. The DEM simulation
highlights that the peak shear stress of the ballast assembly decreases
and the dilation of fouled ballast increases with an increase level of
fouling. Additionally, the distributions of contact force chain and
particle displacement vectors were captured during shearing progress,
explaining the formation of shear band and the evolutions of
volumetric change of fouled ballast.},
	    journal   = {International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering},
	  volume    = {9},
	  number    = {12},
	  year      = {2015},
	  pages     = {1651 - 1655},
	  ee        = {https://publications.waset.org/pdf/10003377},
	  url   	= {https://publications.waset.org/vol/108},
	  bibsource = {https://publications.waset.org/},
	  issn  	= {eISSN: 1307-6892},
	  publisher = {World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology},
	  index 	= {Open Science Index 108, 2015},
	}