{"title":"Production of Composite Materials by Mixing Chromium-Rich Ash and Soda-Lime Glass Powder: Mechanical Properties and Microstructure ","authors":"Savvas Varitis, Panagiotis Kavouras, George Vourlias, Eleni Pavlidou, Theodoros Karakostas, Philomela Komninou","volume":102,"journal":"International Journal of Environmental and Ecological Engineering","pagesStart":619,"pagesEnd":625,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/10001308","abstract":"
A chromium-loaded ash originating from incineration of tannery sludge under anoxic conditions was mixed with low grade soda-lime glass powder coming from commercial glass bottles. The relative weight proportions of ash over glass powder tested were 30\/70, 40\/60 and 50\/50. The solid mixtures, formed in green state compacts, were sintered at the temperature range of 800o C up to 1200o C. The resulting products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS) and micro-indentation. The above methods were employed to characterize the various phases, microstructure and hardness of the produced materials. Thermal treatment at 800o C and 1000o C produced opaque ceramic products composed of a variety of chromium-containing and chromium-free crystalline phases. Thermal treatment at 1200o C gave rise to composite products, where only chromium-containing crystalline phases were detected. Hardness results suggest that specific products are serious candidates for structural applications.<\/p>\r\n","references":"[1] M.D. LaGrega, P.L. Buckingham, J.C. Evans, Hazardous Waste\r\nManagement. 2nd ed., New York: McGraw Hill, 2001, ch. 2.\r\n[2] P. Colombo, G. Brusatin, E. Bernardo, G. Scarinci, \u201cInertization and\r\nreuse of waste materials by vitrification and fabrication of glass-based\r\nproducts\u201d Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., vol. 7, pp. 225-239, Jun.\r\n2003.\r\n[3] J. R. Conner and S. L. Hoeffner, \u201cA critical review of\r\nStabilization\/Solidification technology\u201d Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Techol.,\r\nvol. 28, pp. 397-462, Sept. 1998.\r\n[4] K. Stein and G. Schwedt, \u201cChromium speciation in the wastewater from\r\na tannery\u201d Fresen. J. anal. Chem., vol. 350, pp. 38\u201341, Sept. 1994.\r\n[5] J. Kanagaraj, K.C. Velappan, N.K. Chandra Babu, S. Sadulla, \u201cSolid\r\nwastes generation in the leather industry and its utilization for cleaner\r\nenvironment - A review\u201d J. Sci. Indust. Res., vol. 65, pp. 541\u2013548, Jul.\r\n2006.\r\n[6] J. Jaghava Rao, N.K. Chandrababu, C. Muralidharan, U.N.\r\nBalachandran, P.G. Rao, T. Ramasami, \u201cRecouping the wastewater: a\r\nway forward for cleaner leather processing\u201d J. Cleaner Produc., vol. 11,\r\npp. 591-599, Aug. 2003.\r\n[7] S. Varitis, E. Pavlidou, P. Kavouras, G. Vourlias, K. Chrissafis, A.\r\nXenidis, Th. Karakostas \u201cDevitrification routes of a vitrified chromiumloaded\r\nash\u201d J. Therm. Anal. Calor. DOI 10.1007\/s10973-015-4539-7\r\n(article in press) 2015.\r\n[8] P. Kavouras, E. Pantazopoulou, S. Varitis, G. Vourlias, K. Chrissafis,\r\nG.P. Dimitrakopulos, M. Mitrakas, A.I. Zouboulis, Th. Karakostas, A.\r\nXenidis, \u201cIncineration of tannery sludge under oxic and anoxic\r\nconditions: Study of chromium speciation\u201d J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 283,\r\npp. 672\u2013679, Febr. 2015.\r\n[9] J. Zarzycki, Glasses and the vitreous state. Cambridge: Cambridge\r\nUniversity Press, 1991, pp. 12-13.\r\n[10] U. Eisele, \u201cSintering and hot-pressing\u201d in Materials Science and\r\nTechnology, vol. 17B, R.J. Brook, Ed. New York: VCH, 1996, pp. 93\u2013\r\n96.\r\n[11] H. Khedim, T. Katrina, R. Podor, P.-J. Panteix, C. Rapin, M. Vilasi\r\n\u201cSolubility of Cr2O3 and speciation of chromium in Soda-Lime-Silicate\r\nmelts\u201d J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., vol. 93, pp. 1347-1354, Feb. 2010.\r\n[12] P. Kavouras, Ph. Komninou, K. Chrissafis, G. Kaimakamis, S. Kokkou,\r\nK. Paraskevopoulos, Th. Karakostas, \u201cMicrostructural changes of\r\nprocessed vitrified solid waste products\u201d J. Europ. Ceram. Soc., vol. 23,\r\npp. 1305-1311, Jul. 2003. ","publisher":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology","index":"Open Science Index 102, 2015"}