{"title":"The Differences in Normative Beliefs among Schoolchildren with Reactive, Proactive, Reactive-Proactive Aggression, and without Aggression","authors":"Annis Lai Chu Fung","volume":100,"journal":"International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","pagesStart":1121,"pagesEnd":1125,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/10000950","abstract":"
This study is to fill up a research gap on examining the
\r\ndifferences in normative beliefs (namely acceptance of weaknesses,
\r\nacceptance of provoked aggression, and acceptance of unprovoked
\r\naggression) among different subtypes of aggressors and
\r\nnon-aggressors (reactive aggressors, proactive aggressors,
\r\nreactive-proactive aggressors, and non-aggressors). 2,236 students
\r\n(1,372 males and 864 females), aged from 11 to 18, completed a
\r\nself-reported questionnaire. Results revealed that (a) schoolchildren
\r\nwith reactive-proactive aggression have the highest acceptance of
\r\nprovoked aggression, the highest acceptance of unprovoked
\r\naggression, and the lowest acceptance of weakness; (b) schoolchildren
\r\nwith proactive aggression have higher acceptance of unprovoked
\r\naggression and lower acceptance of weakness than reactive aggressors;
\r\nand (c) schoolchildren without aggression have the lowest acceptance
\r\nof provoked aggression, the lowest acceptance of unprovoked
\r\naggression, and the highest acceptance of weakness.<\/p>\r\n","references":"[1] Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social information processing factors\r\nin reactive and proactive aggression in children\u2019s peer groups. Journal of\r\nPersonality and Social Psychology, 53, 1146-1158.\r\n[2] Dodge, K. A., & Crick, N. R. (1990). Social information-processing bases\r\nof aggressive behavior in children. Personality and Social Psychology\r\nBulletin, 16, 8-22.\r\n[3] Poulin, F., & Boivin, M. (2000). Reactive and proactive aggression:\r\nEvidence of a two-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 12, 115-122.\r\n[4] Bacchini, D., Esposito, G., & Affuso, G. (2009). Social experience and\r\nschool bullying. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology,\r\n19, 17-32.\r\n[5] Fite, P. J., Raine, A., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Loeber, R., & Pardini, D. A.\r\n(2010). 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