{"title":"Bio-Heat Transfer in Various Transcutaneous Stimulation Models","authors":"Trevor E. Davis, Isaac Cassar, Yi-Kai Lo, Wentai Liu","volume":93,"journal":"International Journal of Bioengineering and Life Sciences","pagesStart":617,"pagesEnd":624,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/9999487","abstract":"
This study models the use of transcutaneous electrical
\r\nnerve stimulation on skin with a disk electrode in order to simulate
\r\ntissue damage. The current density distribution above a disk electrode
\r\nis known to be a dynamic and non-uniform quantity that is intensified
\r\nat the edges of the disk. The non-uniformity is subject to change
\r\nthrough using various electrode geometries or stimulation methods.
\r\nOne of these methods known as edge-retarded stimulation has shown
\r\nto reduce this edge enhancement. Though progress has been made in
\r\nmodeling the behavior of a disk electrode, little has been done to test
\r\nthe validity of these models in simulating the actual heat transfer
\r\nfrom the electrode. This simulation uses finite element software to
\r\ncouple the injection of current from a disk electrode to heat transfer
\r\ndescribed by the Pennesbioheat transfer equation. An example
\r\napplication of this model is studying an experimental form of
\r\nstimulation, known as edge-retarded stimulation. The edge-retarded
\r\nstimulation method will reduce the current density at the edges of the
\r\nelectrode. It is hypothesized that reducing the current density edge
\r\nenhancement effect will, in turn, reduce temperature change and
\r\ntissue damage at the edges of these electrodes. This study tests this
\r\nhypothesis as a demonstration of the capabilities of this model. The
\r\nedge-retarded stimulation proved to be safer after this simulation. It is
\r\nshown that temperature change and the fraction of tissue necrosis is
\r\nmuch greater in the square wave stimulation. These results bring
\r\nimplications for changes of procedures in transcutaneous electrical
\r\nnerve stimulation and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation as well.<\/p>\r\n","references":"[1] T. Watson, Electrotherapy: evidence-based practice. 12th ed.,\r\nEdinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2008.\r\n[2] D. M.Walsh,TENS: clinical applications and related theory. Churchill\r\nLivingstone. 1997.\r\n[3] I. Jones, &M. I. Johnson, Transcutaneous electrical nerve\r\nstimulation.Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain,\r\nvol. 9, no. 4, pp. 130-135, June 2009.\r\n[4] S. M. Danner, U. S. Hofstoetter, J. Ladenbauer, F. Rattay, K. Minassian.\r\nCan the human lumbar posterior columns be stimulated by\r\ntranscutaneous spinal cord stimulation? A modeling study. Artificial\r\norgans, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 257-262. 2011.\r\n[5] A. J. Fong, R. R. Roy, R. M. Ichiyama, I. Lavrov, G. Courtine, Y.\r\nGerasimenko,V. R. Edgerton. Recovery of control of posture and\r\nlocomotion after a spinal cord injury: solutions staring us in the\r\nface. Progress in brain research,vol.175, pp. 393-418. 2009.\r\n[6] J. D. Wiley and J. G. Webster, \"Analysis and control of the current\r\ndistribution under circular dispersive electrodes,\u201d IEEE Trans.\r\nBiomed.Eng., vol. BME-29, pp. 381\u2013389, 1982.\r\n[7] J. T. Rubinstein, F. A. Spelman, M. Soma, and M. F. Suesserman,\r\n\"Current density profiles of surface mounted and recessed electrodes for\r\nneural prostheses,\u201d IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 34, pp. 864\u2013\r\n875,1987.\r\n[8] J. Newman, \"Resistance for flow of current to a disk\u201d, J. Electrochem.\r\nSoc., vol. 113, 1966, pp. 501\u20132.\r\n[9] J. Newman. \"Frequency Dispersion in Capacity Measurements at a Disk\r\nElectrode\u201d, J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 117, 1970, pp. 198\r\n[10] J. Newman. \"The Transient Response of a Disk Electrode\u201d,\r\nJ.Electrochem., Soc., vol. 120, 1973, pp. 1339\r\n[11] K. B. Oldham, \"The RC time constant at a disk electrode,\u201dElectrochem.\r\nCommun., vol. 6, 2004, pp. 210\u2013214.\r\n[12] J. C. Myland and K. B. Oldham, \"How does the double layer at a disk\r\nelectrode charge?\u201d, J. Electroanalyt. Chem., vol. 575, 2005, pp. 81\u201393.\r\n[13] B. Wang and J. D. Weiland, \"Reduction of current density at disk\r\nelectrode periphery by shaping current pulse edges,\u201d in Proc. 34th Annu.\r\nInt. Conf.IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., pp. 5138\u20135141. 2012.\r\n[14] M. R. Behrend , A. K. Ahuja and J. D. Weiland\"Dynamic current\r\ndensity of the disk electrode double-layer\",IEEE Trans. Biomed.\r\nEng.,vol. 55,no. 3,pp.1056 -1062, 2008\r\n[15] A. Datta, M. Elwassif, M.Bikson. Bio-heat transfer model oftranscranial\r\nDC stimulation: comparison of conventional pad versus ring electrode.\r\n31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in\r\nMedicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and\r\nBiology Society. Conference. 670-673, 2009.\r\n[16] J. T. Rubinstein , F. A. Spelman , M. Soma and M. F.\r\nSuesserman\"Current density profiles of surface mounted and recessed\r\nelectrodes for neural prostheses\",IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.,vol. BME-\r\n34,no. 11,pp.864 -875 1987\r\n[17] A. Zolfaghari, M. Maerefat, \"A new simplified thermoregulatory bioheat\r\nmodel for evaluating thermal response of the human body to transient\r\nenvironments.\u201d Build Environ, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 2068\u20132076, 2010.\r\n[18] C.Gabriel, S. Gabriel, E.Corthout, \"The dielectric properties of\r\nbiological tissues: I. Literature survey,\u201d Phys. Med. Biol. Vol. 41, pp.\r\n2231-2249. 1996.\r\n[19] S.Gabriel, R.W. Lau, C. Gabriel, \"The dielectric properties of biological\r\ntissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz,\u201d\r\nPhys. Med. Biol. Vol. 41, pp. 2251-2269. 1996\r\n[20] S.Gabriel, R.W. Lau, C.Gabriel, \"The dielectric properties of biological\r\ntissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues,\u201d\r\nPhys. Med. Biol. Vol. 41, pp. 2271-2293. 1996\r\n[21] K. R. Diller, J. A. Pearce,\"Issues in modeling thermal alterations in\r\ntissues,\u201d NY Acad. Sci. vol. 888, pp. 153\u2013164, 1999\r\n[22] N.T. Wright, \"On a relationship between the Arrhenius parametersfrom\r\nthermal damage studies,\u201d J. Biomech. Eng. Vol. 125, pp. 300\u2013304, 2003","publisher":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology","index":"Open Science Index 93, 2014"}