A Review on Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse

Authors: Fatema Akram, Mohammad G. Rasul, M. Masud K. Khan, M. Sharif I. I. Amir

Abstract:

Australia is a country of some 7,700 million square kilometers with a population of about 22.6 million. At present water security is a major challenge for Australia. In some areas the use of water resources is approaching and in some parts it is exceeding the limits of sustainability. A focal point of proposed national water conservation programs is the recycling of both urban stormwater and treated wastewater. But till now it is not widely practiced in Australia, and particularly stormwater is neglected. In Australia, only 4% of stormwater and rainwater is recycled, whereas less than 1% of reclaimed wastewater is reused within urban areas. Therefore, accurately monitoring, assessing and predicting the availability, quality and use of this precious resource are required for better management. As stormwater is usually of better quality than untreated sewage or industrial discharge, it has better public acceptance for recycling and reuse, particularly for non-potable use such as irrigation, watering lawns, gardens, etc. Existing stormwater recycling practice is far behind of research and no robust technologies developed for this purpose. Therefore, there is a clear need for using modern technologies for assessing feasibility of stormwater harvesting and reuse. Numerical modeling has, in recent times, become a popular tool for doing this job. It includes complex hydrological and hydraulic processes of the study area. The hydrologic model computes stormwater quantity to design the system components, and the hydraulic model helps to route the flow through stormwater infrastructures. Nowadays water quality module is incorporated with these models. Integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) with these models provides extra advantage of managing spatial information. However for the overall management of a stormwater harvesting project, Decision Support System (DSS) plays an important role incorporating database with model and GIS for the proper management of temporal information. Additionally DSS includes evaluation tools and Graphical user interface. This research aims to critically review and discuss all the aspects of stormwater harvesting and reuse such as available guidelines of stormwater harvesting and reuse, public acceptance of water reuse, the scopes and recommendation for future studies. In addition to these, this paper identifies, understand and address the importance of modern technologies capable of proper management of stormwater harvesting and reuse.

Keywords: Stormwater Management, Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse, Numerical Modeling, Geographic Information System (GIS), Decision Support System (DSS), Database.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1091578

References:

[1] M. Philp, U. W. S. R. Alliance, W. f. a. H. C. Flagship, G. University, and U. o. Queensland, Review of Stormwater Harvesting Practices: Urban Water Security Research Alliance, 2008.
[2] S. Vigneswaran, and C. Visvanathan, Water Treatment Processes: Simple Options, p. 224: CRC Press.
[3] P. Lens, P. N. Lens, L. H. Pol, P. Wilderer, and T. Asano, Water recycling and resource recovery in industry: Analysis, technologies and implementation: IWA publishing, 2002.
[4] F. Memon, and D. Butler, "Assessment of gully pot management strategies for runoff quality control using a dynamic model,” Science of the total environment, vol. 295, no. 1, pp. 115-129, 2002.
[5] D. Lekkas, E. Manoli, and D. Assimacopoulos, "Integrated urban water modelling using the aquacycle model,” Global NEST Journal, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 310-319, 2008.
[6] G. Smethurst, Basic water treatment: for application world-wide: Thomas Telford, 1988.
[7] E. Victoria. "Stormwater Harvesting and Use," http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/your-environment/water/stormwater/ stormwater-harvesting-and-use.
[8] B. E. Hatt, A. Deletic, and T. D. Fletcher, "Integrated treatment and recycling of stormwater: a review of Australian practice,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 102-113, 2006.
[9] S. T. Dayaratne, "Modelling of urban stormwater drainage systems using ILSAX,” Victoria University, 2001.
[10] E. W. Strecker, "Considerations and Approaches for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Urban BMPs."
[11] R. T. BMPs, "Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washington,” 2005.
[12] A. H. Roy et al., "Impediments and solutions to sustainable, watershed-scale urban stormwater management: lessons from Australia and the United States,” Environmental management, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 344-359, 2008.
[13] B. S. McIntosh et al., "Ripley Valley–an Application of GIS Based Runoff Modelling to Strategic Stormwater Harvesting Assessment,” 2013.
[14] G. V. Mitchell, R. Mein, and T. A. McMahon, "Utilising stormwater and wastewater resources in urban areas,” Australian Journal of Water Resources, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 31, 2002.
[15] Waer By Design, 2009, Draft Stormwater Harvesting Guideline.
[16] L. O. Kolarik, and A. J. Priestley, Modern techniques in water and wastewater treatment: CSIRO PUBLISHING, 1996.
[17] A. D. Benetti, "Water reuse: issues, technologies, and applications,” Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental, vol. 13, pp. 247-248, 2008.
[18] N. DEC, "Managing urban stormwater: harvesting and reuse," Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), 2006.
[19] G. Wade Miller, "Integrated concepts in water reuse: managing global water needs,” Desalination, vol. 187, no. 1–3, pp. 65-75, 2/5/, 2006.
[20] S. J. Nix, "Urban stormwater modeling and simulation," Lewis (Boca Raton), 1994.
[21] C. Zoppou, "Review of urban storm water models,” Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 195-231, 2001.
[22] R. D. Tate, "Evaluation and comparison of stormwater models of hybridized low-impact development, design,” University of Arkansas, 2010.
[23] A. P. Basnayaka, and R. Sarukkalige, "Comparing Hydrology and Hydraulics Surface Routing Approaches in Modeling an Urban Catchment."
[24] S. Priestley, B. C. Hollings, and F. Ltd, "Storage Model for Infiltration." pp. 475-480.
[25] P.-S. Yu, T.-C. Yang, and S.-J. Chen, "Comparison of uncertainty analysis methods for a distributed rainfall–runoff model,” Journal of Hydrology, vol. 244, no. 1–2, pp. 43-59, 4/2/, 2001.
[26] J. E. Ball, A. Wojcik, and J. Tilley, Stormwater Quality from Road Surfaces: Monitoring of the Hume Highway at South Strathfield: University of New South Wales, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Laboratory, 2000.
[27] J. D. Sartor, G. B. Boyd, and F. J. Agardy, "Water pollution aspects of street surface contaminants,” Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), pp. 458-467, 1974.
[28] S. Settle, A. Goonetilleke, and G. Ayoko, "Determination of Surrogate Indicators for Phosphorus and Solids in Urban Stormwater: Application of Multivariate Data Analysis Techniques,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 182, no. 1-4, pp. 149-161, 2007/06/01, 2007.
[29] J. Vaze, and F. H. Chiew, "Experimental study of pollutant accumulation on an urban road surface,” Urban Water, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 379-389, 2002.
[30] XPSTORM, "Stormwater management Model," Getting Started Manual, 2011.
[31] W. Boughton, "The Australian water balance model,” Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 943-956, 10//, 2004.
[32] N. S. Asger, and H. Eggert, "Numerical simulation of the rainfall-runoff process on a daily basis,” Nordic Hydrology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 171-190, 1973.
[33] A. Goyen, and A. Aitken, "A regional stormwater drainage model." p. 40.
[34] F. Chiew, and L. Siriwardena, "Estimation of SIMHYD parameter values for application in ungauged catchments." pp. 2883-2889.
[35] V. P. Singh, Computer models of watershed hydrology: Water Resources Publications, 1995.
[36] W. A. Scharffenberg, and M. J. Fleming, Hydrologic Modeling System HEC-HMS: User's Manual: US Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center, 2006.
[37] T. Ovbiebo, and N. She, "Urban runoff quality and quantity modeling in a subbasin of the Duwamish River using XP-SWMM." pp. 320-329.
[38] M. Urabn. "http://mikebydhi.com/Products/Cities/MIKEURBAN.aspx."
[39] K. Havnø, M. Madsen, J. Dørge, and V. Singh, "MIKE 11-a generalized river modelling package,” Computer models of watershed hydrology, pp. 733-782, 1995.
[40] M. F. Chow, Z. Yusop, and M. E. Toriman, "Modelling runoff quantity and quality in tropical urban catchments using Storm Water Management Model,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 737-748, 2012/10/01, 2012.
[41] Z. Vojinovic, "Supporting Flood Disaster Management with Numerical Modelling and Spatial Mapping Tools,” International Journal of Geoinformatics, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 33-40, 2009.
[42] U. M. Shamsi, S. P. Benner, and B. A. Fletcher, A Computer Mapping Program for Sewer Systems, chapter 7 in Advances in Modeling the Management of Stormwater Impacts,, Guelph, Canada, : CHI 1995.
[43] P. Inamdar et al., "A GIS based screening tool for locating and ranking of suitable stormwater harvesting sites in urban areas,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 128, pp. 363-370, 2013.
[44] F. Akram, M. G. Rasul, M. M. K. Khan, and M. S. I. I. Amir, "Automatic Delineation of Drainage Networks and Catchments using DEM data and GIS Capabilities," 2012.
[45] B. S. McIntosh et al.,Riple Valley-an Application of GIS Based Runoff Modelling to Strategic Stormwater Harvesting Assessment, Urban Water Security Research Alliance, June 2013.
[46] D. Sample, Heaney, J., Wright, L., and Koustas, R., and D. S. James P. Heaney, and Leonard Wright, "Geographical Information Systems, Decision Support Systems, and Urban Stormwater Management,” 2001.
[47] U. Shamsi, "ArcView applications in SWMM modeling,” Chapter, vol. 11, pp. 219-233, 1998.
[48] R. Reitsma, "Structure and support of water-resources management and decision-making,” Journal of Hydrology, vol. 177, no. 3, pp. 253-268, 1996.
[49] Queensland Urban Drainage Manual, Third edition, 2013, Department of Energy and Water Supply, Queensland Government
[50] Melbourne Water,
[online], http://www.melbournewater.com.au/ whatwedo/recyclewater/Pages/recycle-water.aspx
[accessed 25/03/ 2014].
[51] N. R. M. M. Council, E. P. a. H. C. (EPHC), and N. H. a. M. R. C. (NHMRC), Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling (Phase 2) - Stormwater Harvest and Reuse, 2009.
[52] Department of Environment 2004, Stormwater Management Manual for Western Australia, 2004.
[53] Department of Energy, Water Recycling, and Water Supply, Government of Queensland.
[54] M. Po, B. E. Nancarrow, and J. D. Kaercher, Literature review of factors influencing public perceptions of water reuse: Citeseer, 2003.
[55] J. Higgins, J. Warnken, P. Sherman, and P. Teasdale, "Survey of users and providers of recycled water: quality concerns and directions for applied research,” Water Research, vol. 36, no. 20, pp. 5045-5056, 2002.
[56] K. Exall, J. Marsalek, and K. Schaefer, "A review of water reuse and recycling, with reference to Canadian practice and potential: 1. Incentives and implementation,” Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1-12, 2004.
[57] T. W. Hartley, "Public perception and participation in water reuse,” Desalination, vol. 187, no. 1–3, pp. 115-126, 2/5/, 2006.
[58] S. Ward, F. Memon, and D. Butler, "Rainwater harvesting: model-based design evaluation,” 2010.
[59] A. Liu, P. Egodawatta, M. J. Kjolby, and A. Goonetilleke, "Development of pollutant build-up parameters for MIKE URBAN for Southeast Queensland, Australia."