{"title":"Evaluation of Indoor-Outdoor Particle Size Distribution in Tehran's Elementary Schools","authors":"F. Halek, A. Kavousi, F. Hassani","volume":33,"journal":"International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering","pagesStart":522,"pagesEnd":526,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/8988","abstract":"
A simultaneous study on indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations was done in five elementary schools in central parts of Tehran, Iran. Three sizes of particles including PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 were measured in 13 classrooms within this schools during winter (January, February and March) 2009. A laserbased portable aerosol spectrometer Model Grimm-1.108, was used for the continuous measurement of particles. The average indoor concentration of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 in studied schools were 274 μg\/m3, 42 μg\/m3 and 19 μg\/m3 respectively; and average outdoor concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 were evaluated to be 22 μg\/m3, 38 μg\/m3 and 140 μg\/m3 respectively.<\/p>\r\n","references":"[1] W. Cautreels and Van K. Cauwenberghe, \"Experiments on the\r\ndistribution of organic pollutants between airborne particulate matter and\r\nthe corresponding gas phase.\" Atmos. Environ., vol. 12, pp. 1133-1141,\r\n1978.\r\n[2] R. M. Harrison and J. Yin, \"Particulate matter in the atmosphere: Which\r\nparticle properties are important for its effects on health?.\" Science of the\r\nTotal Environment, vol. 249, pp. 85-101, 2000.\r\n[3] Y. Zhu, W. C. Hinds, S. Kim and S. Sioutas, \"Concentration and size\r\ndistribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway.\" J. Air & Waste\r\nManag. Assoc., vol. 52, pp. 1032-1042, 2002.\r\n[4] A. Alam, J. P. Shi and R. M. Harrison, \"Observations of new particle\r\nformation in urban air.\" J. Geoph. Res., vol. 108, pp. 4093-4107, 2003.\r\n[5] G. Gramotnev and Z. Ristovski, \"Experimental investigation of ultra fine\r\nparticle size distribution near a busy road.\" Atmos. Environ., vol. 38, pp.\r\n1767-1777, 2004.\r\n[6] C. Silibello, G. Calori, G. Brusasca, A. Giudici, E. Angelino, G. Fossati,\r\nE. Oeroni and Buganza, \"Modeling of PM10 concentrations over Milano\r\nurban area using two aerosol modules.\" Environ. Mod. Soft., vol. xx, pp.\r\n1-11, 2007.\r\n[7] G. Oberdorster, \"Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles.\"\r\nInternational Archives of Occupational Environment Health, vol. 74, pp.\r\n1-8, 2001.\r\n[8] C. A. Pope III, R. T. Burnett, M. J. Thun, E. E. Calle, D. K. Krewski, Ito\r\nand G. D. Thurston, \"Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and longterm\r\nexposure to fine particulate air pollution.\" Journal of the American\r\nMedical Association, vol. 287, pp. 1132-1141, 2002.\r\n[9] F. Halek, A. Kavousi and H. Montahaie, \"Role of motor-vehicles and\r\ntrend of air borne particulate in the Great Tehran area, Iran.\" I. J.\r\nEnvironmental Health Research, vol. 14, pp. 307-313, 2004.\r\n[10] F. Atash, \"The deterioration of urban environments in developing\r\ncountries: Mitigating the air pollution crisis in Tehran, Iran.\" Cities, vol.\r\n24, pp. 399-409, 2007.\r\n[11] A. J. Wheeler, I. Williams, R. A. Beaumont and R. S. Hamilton,\r\n\"Characterization of particulate matter sampled during a study of children-s personal exposure to airborne matter in a UK urban\r\nenvironment.\" Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 65, pp.\r\n69-77, 2000.\r\n[12] J. Schwartz, \"Air pollution and children-s health.\" Pediatrics, vol. 113,\r\npp. 1037-1043, 2004.\r\n[13] D. Ekmekcioglu and S. S. Keskin, \"Characterizaion of indoor air\r\nparticulate matter in selected elementary schools in Istanbul Turkey.\"\r\nIndoor Built Environ, vol. 16(2), pp. 169-176, 2007.\r\n[14] E. Diapouli, A. Chaloulakou, N. Mihalopoulos and N. Spirellis, \"Indoor\r\nand outdoor PM ass and number concentrations at schools in the Athens\r\narea.\" Environ. Monit. and Assess., vol. 136, pp. 13-20, 2008.\r\n[15] J. Schwartz and L. M. Neas, \"Fine particles are more strongly associated\r\nthan coarse particles with acute respiratory health effects in\r\nschoolchildren.\" Epidemiology, vol. 11, pp. 6-10, 2000.\r\n[16] R. L. Smith, D. Spitzner, Y. Kim and M. Fuentes, \"Threshold\r\ndependence of mortality effects for fine and coarse particles in Phoenix,\r\nArizona.\" J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., vol. 50, pp. 1367-1379, 2000.\r\n[17] R. Einarsson, A. K. M. Munir and S. K. G. Dreborg, \"Allergens in\r\nschool dust. 2. Major mite (DER-P-1, DER-F-1) allergens in dust from\r\nSwedish schools.\" J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol. 95, pp. 1049-1053,\r\n1995.\r\n[18] S. R. Tortolero, L. K. Bartholomew, S. Tyrrell, S. L. Abramson, M. M.\r\nSockrider, C. M. Markham, L. W. Whitehead and G. S. Parcel,\r\n\"Environmental allergens and irritants in schools: a focus on asthma.\" J.\r\nSchool Health, vol. 72, pp. 33-38, 2002.","publisher":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology","index":"Open Science Index 33, 2009"}