Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and It’s Routing Protocols
Commenced in January 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Edition: International
Paper Count: 32797
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and It’s Routing Protocols

Authors: Rakesh Kumar, Piush Verma, Yaduvir Singh

Abstract:

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self configuring network, without any centralized control. The topology of this network is not always defined. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the fundamental concepts of MANETs to the researchers and practitioners, who are involved in the work in the area of modeling and simulation of MANETs. This paper begins with an overview of mobile ad hoc networks. Then it proceeds with the overview of routing protocols used in the MANETS, their properties and simulation methods. A brief tabular comparison between the routing protocols is also given in this paper considering different routing protocol parameters. This paper introduces a new routing scheme developed by the use of evolutionary algorithms (EA) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) which will be used for getting the optimized output of MANET. In this paper cryptographic technique, ceaser cipher is also employed for making the optimized route secure.

Keywords: AHP, AODV, Cryptography, EA, MANET, Optimized output.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1088788

Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 3967

References:


[1] Zayegh, A. and Kalam, A, “Modelling and Simulation: Keys to Technological Advances”. Victoria University of Technology, 2 volumes, ISBN 1 86272 4229 and 186272 4237. year 1993
[2] Bradley R Smith,Shree Murthy and J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves” Securing Distance Vector Routing Protocol”:Proceedings of the Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security ,SNDSS '97, Page 85, IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA ©1997.
[3] Stefano Basagni, Imrich Chlamtac , Violet R. Syrotiuk and Barry A. Woodward “A Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM)”: Proceeding of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. MobiCom '98, Pages 76-84, ACM New York.
[4] Lidong Zhou and Zygmunt J. Haas :Securing ad hoc networks IEEE Network Magazine, Vol. 13, no.6, November/December in Nov/Dec 1999
[5] Jae-Hwan Chang and Leandros Tassiulas “Energy Conserving Routing in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks” IEEE INFOCOM,Vol. 1, pp. 22-31, 2000.
[6] Guangyu Pei, Mario Gerla and Tsu-Wei Chen “Fisheye State Routing: A Routing Scheme for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks”, IEEE International Conference on Communications,ICC2000,Vol 1, pp 70-74
[7] Seung Yi, Prasad Naldurg and Robin Kravets “ Security Aware Ad hoc Routing in Wireless Networks” Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad hoc Networking & Computing, MobiHoc '01,Pages 299-302.
[8] Lindsey, K. Sivalingam and C. S. Rahgavendra “Draft on Power optimization in routing protocols for wireless and mobile networks”, 29th March 2001. Department of Electrical Engineering Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
[9] Panagiotis Papadimitratos and Zygmunt J. Haas “Secure Routing for Mobile Ad hoc Networks” Proceedings of the SCS Communication Networks and Distributed Systems Modeling and Simulation Conference (CNDS 2002), San Antonio, TX, January 27-31, 2002.
[10] Rahul C. Shah and Jan M. Rabaey “Energy Aware Routing for Low Energy Ad Hoc Sensor Networks:” Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2002. WCNC2002. IEEE, 17-21 March 2002,pp 350 - 355 ,Vol.1
[11] Huaizhi Li, Zhenliu Chen, Xiangyang Qin, Chengdong Li and Hui Tan “Secure Routing in Wired Networks and Wireless Ad Hoc Networks” April 2002. Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, pp 1-34.
[12] David Braginsky and Deborah Estri “Rumor Routing Algorithm For Sensor Networks” WSNA’02, September 28, 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Copyright 2002 ACM, pp 22-31
[13] Arun Avudainayagam, Wenjing Lou, and Yuguang Fang “DEAR: A Device and Energy Aware Routing protocol for Heterogeneous Ad hoc Networks” October 2002 (accepted). Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing - Special issue on Routing in Mobile and Wireless Ad hoc Networks, Volume 63 Issue 2, February 2003 (published) Pages 228 – 236.
[14] Harsh Sharma submitted a thesis on Dynamic Adaptive Routing in Mobile Adhoc Networks” to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science 2002.
[15] Kimaya Sanzgiri, Bridget Dahill, Brian Neil Levine ,Clay Shields and Elizabeth M. Belding-Royer “A Secure Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks” Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, ICNP '02, Pages 78-89, IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA ©2002
[16] Rudiger Schollmeier, Ingo Gruber and Michael Finkenzeller: Routing “Mobile Ad Hoc and Peer-to-Peer Networks. A Comparison” International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Computing in Networking 2002. Proceedings of Workshop on Web Engineering and Peer to Peer Computing, Pages 172-186, Springer-Verlag London, UK ©2002
[17] Ahmed Safwat and Hossam Hassanien “ Infrastructure Based Routing in Wireless Mobile Ad hoc Networks” Computer communications 25 (2002) 210-224.Elsevier Science,B V
[18] Adrian Perrig, Robert Szewczyk, J D.Tygar,Victoewen and David E.Culler “SPINS: Security Protocols for Sensor Networks” ACM Journal of Wireless Networks, 8:5, September 2002, pp. 521-534
[19] Qi Xue and Aura Ganz “Ad hoc QoS on-Demand Routing (AQOR) in Mobile Ad hoc Network” Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing - Special issue on Routing in Mobile and Wireless Ad hoc Networks. Volume 63 Issue 2, February 2003 ,pp 154 – 165
[20] Fan Bai, Narayanan Sadagopan and Ahmed Helmy “IMPORTANT: A framework to Systematically Analyze the Impact of Mobility on Performance of RouTing protocols for Adhoc NeTworks” IEEE INFOCOM 2003. 30 March-3 April 2003 .22nd annual Joint Conference of IEEE Computers and Communications. Volume: 2, Page(s): 825 – 835
[21] Kemal Akkaya and Mohamed Younis “An Energy-Aware QoS Routin Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks” Proceedings of 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshop, pp 710-715, 19-22 May 2003.
[22] Fabian Kuhn, Roger Wattenhofer and Aaron Zollinger “Worst Case Optimal and Average Case Efficient Geometric AdHoc Routing” MobiHoc’03, June 1–3, 2003, Annapolis, Maryland, USA.,Copyright 2003 ACM.
[23] Chao Gui and Prasant Mohapatra “SHORT: Self-Healing and Optimizing Routing Techniques for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks”,pp 279-290, MobiHoc’03, June 1–3, 2003, Annapolis, Maryland, USA.
[24] Henri Dubois Ferriere, Matthias Grossglauser and Martin Vetterli “Age Matters: Ef£icient Route Discovery in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Encounter Ages”. MobiHoc’03, June 1–3, 2003, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
[25] Yi Lu & Bharat Bhargava “Self-Adjusting Congestion Avoidance Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks” : Department of Computer Sciences,Purdue University,West Lafayette, IN. June 2003.
[26] Nathaniel Gemelli, Peter LaMonica, Paul Petzke and John Spina “Capabilities Aware Routing for Dynamic Ad-hoc Networks” KIMAS 2003, October 1-3, 2003, Boston, MA, USA. 2003 IEEE
[27] Javier Gomez, Andrew T. Campbell, Mahmoud Naghshineh and Chatschik Bisdikian “PARO: Supporting Dynamic Power Controlled Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Wireless Networks”, 443–460, 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Manufactured in the Netherlands
[28] Y. Zhou and A. N. Zincir-Heywood “Intelligent Agents for Routing on Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks” Second Annual Conference on Communication Networks and Services Research, 2004. Date of Conference: 19-21 May 2004, Page(s): 249 - 254
[29] Y.S. Brar, J.S. Dhillon and D.P. Kothari, “Interactive fuzzy satisfying multiobjective generation scheduling” Asian Journal of Information Technology, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 973-982, 2004
[30] Dr Chanan Singh, “Optimal Service Restoration and Reconfiguration of Network Using Genetic-Tabu Algorithm”, J. O. Kim, Electric Power Systems Research, 71(2004),145-162
[31] Gaganpreet Chawla, Mohinder S. Sachdev and G. Ramakrishna "Artificial Neural Network Applications for Power System Protection", Proceedings of IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, May 1-4, Saskatoon, Canada, pp. 1954-1957. 2005
[32] Gianni Di Caro, Frederick Ducatelle and Luca Maria Gambardella: AntHocNet “An Adaptive Nature-Inspired Algorithm for Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” September 2004. EuropeanTransactions on Telecommunications, Euro. Trans. Telecomms.2005;16: pp 443–455 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/ett.1062.
[33] Azzedine Boukerche, Khalil El-Khatib and Li Xu and Larry Korba published “SDAR: A Secure Distributed Anonymous Routing Protocol for Wireless and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” Proceedings of the 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN’04) ,2004
[34] Juan Liu, Feng Zhao, and Dragan Petrovic “Information-Directed Routing in Ad Hoc Sensor Networks”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, pp 851-861,Vol. 23, No. 4, April 2005
[35] Rajendra V. Boppana and Anket Mathur “Analysis of the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks” Workshop on Next Generation Wireless Networks, December 2005.
[36] Mirco Musolesi, Stephen Hailes and Cecilia Mascolo “Adaptive Routing for Intermittently Connected Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” WOWMOM '05 Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Symposium on World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Pages 183-189. IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA ©2005.
[37] Yih Chun hu, Adrian Perrig and David B. Johnson “Ariadne: A Secure On-Demand Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks in. Wireless Networks” 11, pp 21–38, 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Manufactured in the Netherlands.
[38] Fu Peng and Zhang Deyun “Hybrid Optimize Strategy based QoS Route Algorithm for Mobile Ad hoc Networks” Journal of Computer Science 2 (2): pp 160-165, 2006, ISSN 1549-3636,© 2006 Science Publications.
[39] Georgios Parissidis, Vincent Lenders, Martin May, and Bernhard Plattner “Multi-path Routing Protocols in Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Quantitative Comparison” Y. Koucheryavy, J. Harju, and V.B. Iversen (Eds.): NEW2AN 2006, LNCS 4003, pp. 313–326, 2006, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
[40] Amal Banerjee, Christine Julien and Vitaly Shmatikov “ Certificate Free Anonymous Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” Copyright 2006 .The University of Texas at Austin, TR-UTEDGE-2005-005,pp 1-14.
[41] Cong Liu and Jie Wu “SWING: A Small World Iterative Navigation Greedy Routing Protocol in MANETs” .Proceeding of 15th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, ICCCN 2006,Date 9-11 Oct. 2006, pp:339 – 350.
[42] Maged Salah Eldin Solimana ,SherineMohamed Abd El-kaderb, Hussein Sherif Eissac and Hoda Anis Barakad “New Adaptive Routing Protocol for MANET” Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal ,Vol 2, No 3 ,pp 16-23 , Year2006.
[43] Wei Kuang Lai a, Sheng-Yu Hsiao a and Yuh-Chung Lin “Adaptive Backup Routing for Ad-hoc Networks”, Computer Communications 30, pp 453–464, 2006 Elsevier.
[44] Mustafa Al-Ghazal, Ayman El-Sayed (IEEE Member) and Hamedy Kelash “Routing Optimization using Genetic Algorithm in Ad Hoc Networks”, International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology, December 2007 IEEE , Page(s): 497 – 503
[45] Juan A. Sanchez, Pedro M. Ruiz, Member Jennifer Liu, and Ivan Stojmenovic “Bandwidth-Efficient Geographic Multicast Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks” IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 7, No. 5, May 2007,pp 627-636.
[46] Rainer Baumann, Simon Heimlicher, Vincent Lenders and Martin May “HEAT: Scalable Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks Using Temperature Fields” IEEE International Symposium on Mobile and Multimedia Networks, WoWMoM . 18-21 June 2007, pp 1-9.
[47] Yao Zhao, Yan Chen, Bo Li, Qian Zhang published “Hop ID : A Virtual Coordinate Based Routing for Sparse Mobile Adhoc Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing ,Vol 6, No 9,2007,pp 1075-1089
[48] Chi-Kin Chau, Jon Crowcroft, Kang-Won Lee, Starsky H.Y. Wong , technical report “IDRM: Inter-Domain Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” ,January 2008, UCAM-CL-TR-708,ISSN 1476-2986
[49] Gursewak Brar, Yadwinder S. Brar and Yaduvir Singh, “Comparison and deployment of various data clustering techniques to a process control data”, Current Trends in Electrical Engineering, CTEE-2008, GZS College of Engineering & Technology Bathinda,14 February 2008.
[50] Yun-Sheng Yen , Yi-Kung Chan , Han-Chieh Chao and Jong Hyuk Park “A Genetic Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Based Multicast Routing on MANETs” Journal on Computer Communication, Volume 31, Issue 4, March, 2008, Pages 858-869. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
[51] Cong Liu and Jie Wu, Fellow ‘Virtual-Force-Based Geometric Routing Protocol in MANETs” ,June 2008.IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems Vol. 20 No. 4, 2008, pp. 433-445.
[52] Kuljit Kaur, Hardeep Singh, “A Metrics Based Approach to Evaluate Design of Software Components” proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering, Bangalore, India, August, 2008.
[53] Wei-Shen Lai1, Chu-Hsing Lin, Jung-Chun Liu, Yen-Lin Huang and Mei-Chun Chou “I-SEAD: A Secure Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” International Journal of Multimedia Ubiquitous Engineering ,Vol. 3, No. 4, October, 2008 ,pp 45-54.
[54] Binod Vaidya ,Sang-Soo Yeo, Dong-You Choi and SeungJo Han “Robust and Secure Routing Scheme for Wireless Multihop Networks” Personal and Ubiquitous Computing October 2009, Volume 13, Issue 7, pp 457-469.
[55] Vijay Banga, Dinesh Kumar and Y.S Brar, “Multicast Optimization Techniques using Best Effort Genetic Algorithms” WCSET 2009:World Congress on Science, Engineering and Technology, Penang, Malaysia , Feb. 25-27, 2009.
[56] S Arvind and DR.T.Adilakshmi “Power Aware Routing for Mobile Agent in Ad-hoc Networks” April 2009, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, © 2005-2009 JATIT, pp 486-492, Vol 5, No 4.
[57] Ehsan Bagherian and Siavash Khorsandi “ARMAN: A New Anonymous Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks” ,19 June 2009 IEEE
[58] Dipankar Deb, Srijita Barman Roy and Nabendu Chaki “LACBER: A New Locatioon Aided Routing Protocol for GPS Scarce MANET” International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN), Vol 1, No 1, August 2009,pp 22-34.
[59] K. Saleem, N. Fisal, S. Hafizah, S. Kamilah, and R. A. Rashid “A Self-Optimized Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks” International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 2, No. 1, November 2009, pp93-97.
[60] Sharvani G S, Cauvery N K, and Dr.Rangaswamy.T “Adaptive Routing Algorithm for MANET:TERMITE” International Journal of Next-Generation Networks (IJNGN),Vol.1, No.1, December 2009,pp 38-43
[61] Eric Rozner, Jayesh Seshadri, Yogita Ashok Mehta and Lili Qiu “SOAR: Simple Opportunistic Adaptive Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks” IEEE transactions on mobile computing December 2009, Vol. 8 No. 12, pp. 1622-1635.
[62] K. Seshadri Ramana .Dr. A.A. Chari and Prof. N.Kasiviswanath “A Trust-Based Secured Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks”, Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology. Year 2009.pp 121-126.
[63] Mahboobeh Abdoos, Karim Faez, and Masoud Sabaei “Position Based Routing Protocol with More Reliability in Mobile Ad Hoc Network” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology ,25 2009.,pp 304-307.
[64] Robert D. Poor: “Gradient Routing in Ad Hoc Networks”, MIT Media Laboratory, 2009.
[65] J. Abdullah “Design and Performance of QOSRGA Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks” International Journal of Integrated Engineering (Issue on Electrical and Electronic Engineering) , Vol 1 ,No 3. year 2009, pp 19-31.
[66] Gihan Nagib and Wahied G. Ali “Network Routing Protocol using Genetic Algorithms” International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol:10 No:02,pp 40-44, March 2010.
[67] Mamoun Hussein Mamoun “A New Proactive Routing Algorithm for MANET” International Journal of Academic Research, Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2010.
[68] P. Parikh, M. G. Kanabar and T. S. Sidhu "Opportunities and Challenges of Wireless Communication Technologies for Smart Grid Applications", IEEE PES General Meeting, Minnesota, Jul. 25-29, 2010, USA
[69] B. Shanthini and S. Swamynathan “Data Security in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks using Genetic Based Biometrics” ( IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 8, No. 6, September 2010
[70] Michael Meisel, Vasileios Pappas and Lixia Zhang ‘Ad Hoc Networking via Named Data” MobiArch’10, September 24, 2010, Chicago, Illinois, USA
[71] Yousra Ahmed Fadil “Routing using Genetic Algorithms for Large Network’ Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol 03,No 02,pp 53-70,December 2010,ISSN :1999-8716.
[72] Virendra Singh Kushwah and Gaurav Sharma “Implementation of New Routing Protocol for Node Security in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network” International Journal of Computer Science and Security,ISSN 1985-1553,Vol 4 Issue 6. December 2010
[73] J.Arunadevi and Dr.V.Rajamani “Optimized Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks using Evolutionary Location Intelligence” IJCA Special Issue on “ Mobile Ad-hoc Networks ” MANETs,2010
[74] Nenad S. Kojić, Marija B. Zajeganović Ivančić, Irini S. Reljin and Branimir D. Reljin “New Algorithm for Packet Routing in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks” Journal of Automatic Control, University of Belgrade, Vol. 20: pp 9-16, 2010
[75] Ronggong Song and Peter C. Mason “ROLSR: A Robust Optimized Link State Routing Protocol for Military Ad-Hoc Networks” ,pp 1113-1121.The 2010 Military Communication Conference-Unclassified Program .Networking Protocols and Performance Track,IEEE
[76] Rahul Malhotra, Dr R K Bansal and Vikas Gupta, “Simulation & Performance Analysis of Wired and Wireless Computer Networks” International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 –8887),Volume 14–No.7,February 2011
[77] Mahendra Kumar Mishra “A Trustful Routing Protocol for Ad-hoc Network” Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology,Vol 11,Issue 8,Version 1.0,May 2011,ISSN 0975-4172& Print ISSN 0975-4350
[78] Arash Dana1, Golnoosh Ghalavand, Azadeh Ghalavand and Fardad Farokhi “A Reliable routing algorithm for Mobile Adhoc Networks based on fuzzy logic” International Journal of Computer Science Issues ,May 2011.Vol 8,Issue 3,pp 128-133
[79] Ayon Chakraborty, Swarup Kumar Mitra and Mrinal Kanti Naskar “A Genetic Algorithm Inspired Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks(GROUP)” in June 2011.
[80] Sidesh G.K, K.N.Muralidhara, Manjula.N.Harihar “Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks using Soft Computing Techniques and Performance Evaluation using Hypernet Simulator”, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-1, Issue-3, July 2011.
[81] Lawal Bello, Panos Bakalis, Predrag Rapajic, Kwashie A. Anang and Titus I. Eneh “Adaptive Receiver Power Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Wireless Network” Journal of Communications, Vol 6, No. 7, October 2011,pp 571-580.
[82] R.Puspalakshmi, A.Vincent Antony Kumar “A Secure Dominating set Based Routing and Key Management Scheme in Mobile Ad hoc Network” Issue 10, Volume 10, October 2011, ISSN: 1109-2742,WSEAS Transactions on Communications
[83] Dilli Ravilla,V.Sumalatha and Dr Chandra Shekar Reddy Putta “Hybrid Routing Protocols for Ad hoc Wireless Networks” International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.2, No.4, December 2011.
[84] Himansha Sharma, Yogendra Kumar Jain and Geetika S. Pandey: “QOS Oriented Reservation Based Routing Mechanisms for Wireless Ad hoc networks” Journal of Global Research in Computer Sciences Networks,Volume 2, No.12,December 2011,pp 22-28
[85] B. Shanthini and S. Swamynathan “A Secured Authentication System for MANETs using Voice and Fingerprint Biometrics” European Journal of Scientific Research, ,Vol 59,No.4 ,2011,pp 533-546. ISSN 1450-216X
[86] Abdel Ilah Alshabtat, Liang Dong “Low Latency Routing Algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Ad-Hoc Networks” :pp 705-711, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 56, 2011.
[87] Zhongwei Zhang “A Novel Secure Routing Protocol for MANETs” : Wang, Xin, (ed.) Mobile Ad-hoc Networks: Protocol Design. In Tech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 455-466. ISBN 978-953-307-402-3.
[88] Reinaldo Bezerra Braga and Herv´e Martin “Understanding Geographic Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, GEOProcessing” The Third International Conference on Advanced Geographic Information Systems, Applications, and Services,pp 17-22, IARIA, 2011. ISBN: 978-1-61208-118-2
[89] Anjum A. Mohammed and Gihan Nagib “Optimal Routing in Ad-Hoc Network Using Genetic Algorithm” International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications,Vol 03,Issue 05,pp 1323-1328,January 2012
[90] Rachid Haboub and Mohammed Ouzzif “Secure and Reliable Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks” International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.3, No.1, February 2012
[91] Niraj Kumar and Aseem Gupta “Routing Optimization using Genetic Algorithm in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” International Journal of Mobile Ad hoc Network,Vol2,Issue 1,Feb 2012,pp 1-6.
[92] Rajendiran M and Srivatsa S. K “An Improved Routing Algorithm to Enhance Energy Efficiency in Multicast Ad Hoc Networks” European Journal of Scientific Research,(EJSR) Vol 72 ,Issue 1, March 2012,pp 97-106 .
[93] K. G. Santhiya and Dr.N.Arumugam “Energy Aware Reliable Routing Protocol (EARRP) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Bee Foraging Behavior and Ant Colony Optimization” IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 2, No 1, March 2012 ,ISSN (Online): 1694-0814,pp 171-175.
[94] K. Sahadevaiah, Prasad Reddy P.V.G.D. and G. Narsimha “A New Security Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” Special Issue of International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) on Communication Security, No.3. Mar.2012, pp 9-15.
[95] Adamu Murtala Zungeru a,n, Li-MinnAng b and KahPhooiSeng “Classical and Swarm Intelligence Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks” A Survey and Comparison . Journal of Network and Computer Applications 35 (2012) pp1508–1536, March 2012 Elsevier.
[96] Kilhung Lee “A Backup Path Routing for Guaranteeing Bandwidth in Mobile Ad hoc Networks for Multimedia Applications” Journal of Multimedia Tools and Applications,Vol 57,Issue 2,March 2012,pp 439-451.
[97] Anju Sharma and Madhavi Sinha “A Differential Evaluation Algorithm for Routing Optimization in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks:” International Journal of Computer Science and Network (IJCSN),Volume 1, Issue 4, August 2012, ISSN 2277-5420,pp 109-115
[98] Vikas Siwach, Dr. Yudhvir Singh, Seema Dheer and Dhwaj Barak: “An Approach to Optimize QOS Routing Protocol Using Genetic Algorithm in MANET” International Conference on Emerging engineering Trends and Management ,September 2012
[99] Snehal Sarangi and Biju Thankchan “A Novel Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Based on Particle Swarm Optimization” International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences IJREISS Volume 2, Issue 11 ,November 2012, ISSN: 2250-0588 ,pp 277-286.
[100] J.Suresh Kumar and E.Babu Raj “Genetic Algorithm Based Multicast Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks-A Research Framework” International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology( IJEIT ) Volume 2 ,Issue 6,December 2012, ISSN : 2277 -3754,pp 240-246.
[101] R.Vadivel and B.Narasimhan “Reliable Geographic Routing Protocol (RGRP) towards Improving Quality of Service (QoS) in Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 60,No.15, December 2012,pp 43-48
[102] Khaja Anwar Ali Siddiqui and Yousuf Khan Afroz “Minimum Delay Routing Protocol with Enhanced Multimedia Transmission over Heterogeneous MANETs” Trends in Innovative Computing 2012 - Intelligent Systems Design.