Influence of Heterogeneous Traffic on the Roadside Fine (PM2.5 and PM1) and Coarse(PM10) Particulate Matter Concentrations in Chennai City, India

Authors: Srimuruganandam. B, S.M. Shiva Nagendra

Abstract:

In this paper the influence of heterogeneous traffic on the temporal variation of ambient PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations at a busy arterial route (Sardar Patel Road) in the Chennai city has been analyzed. The hourly PM concentration, traffic counts and average speed of the vehicles have been monitored at the study site for one week (19th-25th January 2009). Results indicated that the concentrations of coarse (PM10) and fine PM (PM2.5 and PM1) concentrations at SP road are having similar trend during peak and non-peak hours, irrespective of the days. The PM concentrations showed daily two peaks corresponding to morning (8 to 10 am) and evening (7 to 9 pm) peak hour traffic flow. The PM10 concentration is dominated by fine particles (53% of PM2.5 and 45% of PM1). The high PM2.5/PM10 ratio indicates that the majority of PM10 particles originate from re-suspension of road dust. The analysis of traffic flow at the study site showed that 2W, 3W and 4W are having similar diurnal trend as PM concentrations. This confirms that the 2W, 3W and 4W are the main emission source contributing to ambient PM concentration at SP road. The speed measurement at SP road showed that the average speed of 2W, 3W, 4W, LCV and HCV are 38, 40, 38, 40 and 38 km/hr and 43, 41, 42, 40 and 41 km/hr respectively for the weekdays and weekdays.

Keywords: particulate matter, heterogeneous traffic, fineparticles, coarse particles, vehicle speed, weekend and weekday.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1085991

References:

[1] Pope, C.A. Burnett, R.T. Thurston, G.D. Thun, M.J. Calle, E.E. Krewski, D. and Godleski, J.J, "Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution," Circulation, 109, pp. 71-77, 2004.
[2] Brunekreef, B. and Forsberg, B, "Epidemiological evidence of effects of coarse airborne particles on health," European Respiratory Journal, 26, pp. 309-318, 2005.
[3] Dockery, D.W. and Stone, P.H, "Cardiovascular Risks from Fine Particulate Air Pollution," NEJM, 356, pp. 511-513, 2007.
[4] Pérez, N. Castillo, S. Pey, J. Alastuey, A. Viana, M. and Querol, X,"Interpretation of the variability of regional background aerosols in the Western Mediterranean, "The Science of Total Environment, 407, pp. 527-540, 2008.
[5] IPCC, "Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis," Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (ISBN 978 0521 88009-1 Hardback; 978 0521 70596-7 Paperback), 2007.
[6] Niyogi, D. Chang, H.I. Saxena, V.K. Holt, T. Alapaty, K. Booker, F. Chen, F. Davis, K.J. Holben, B. Matsui, T. Meyers, T. Oechel, W.C. Pielke, R.A. Wells, R. Wilson, K. and Xue, Y, "Direct observations of the effects of aerosol loading on net ecosystem CO2 exchanges over different landscapes," Geophysical Research Letters, 31, 2004.
[7] Bytnerowicz, A. Omasa, K. and Paoletti, E, "Integrated effects of air pollution and climate change on forests: A northern hemisphere perspective," Environmental Pollution, 147, pp. 438-445, 2007.
[8] Screpanti, A. and DeMarco, A, "Corrosion on cultural heritage buildings in Italy: A role for ozone?" Environmental Pollution, 157(5), pp. 1513- 1520, 2009.
[9] Jin, X. Dubois, D. Pitchford, M. Green, M. and Etyemezian, V, "Attribution of sulfate aerosols in Federal Class I areas of the western United States based on trajectory regression analysis," Atmospheric Environment, 40, pp. 3433-3447, 2006.
[10] WHO, "Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide," Report on a WHO Working Group, Bonn, Germany. 2003.
[11] Berico, M. Luciani, A. and Formignani, M, "Atmospheric aerosol in an urban area- measurements of TSP and PM10 standards and pulmonary deposition assessments," Atmos Environ, 31, pp. 3659-3665, 1997.
[12] Donaldson, K. Li, X.Y. and MacNee, W, "Ultrafine (nanometre) particle mediated lung injury," Journal of Aerosol Science, 29, pp. 553-560, 1998.
[13] Schwartz, J. and Neas, L.M, "Fine particles are more strongly associated than coarse particles with acute respiratory health effects in schoolchildren," Epidemiology, 11, pp. 6-10, 2000.
[14] Ostro, B. Broadwin, R. Green, S. Feng, W.-Y. and Lipsett, M, "Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in nine California counties: results from CALFINE," Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, pp. 29-33, 2006.
[15] McEntee, J.C. and Himmelberger, Y.O," Diesel particulate matter, lung cancer, and asthma incidences along major traffic corridors in MA, USA: A GIS analysis," Health & Place, 14, pp. 817-828, 2008.
[16] Wrobel, A. Rokita, E. and Maenhaut, W, "Transport of traffic-related aerosols in urban areas," The Science of the Total Environment, 257, pp. 199-211, 2000.
[17] Saedler, L. Jenkins, N. Legassick, W. and Sokhi, R.S, "Remote sensing of vehicle emission on British urban roads," The Science of the Total Environment, 189/190, pp. 155-160, 1996.
[18] Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA), "Second Master Plan - II," 2007.
[19] Sivalingam, T. and Bhaskaran, E, "IT applications in Automotive Industry," GCMM 2004 first international conference on manufacturing and management, 20, 2004.
[20] World Bank report, "Towards a discussion of support to Urban Transport development in India, Energy & Infrastructure Unit South Asia Region, Country Strategy for India," Report No. 29374-IN, 2005.
[21] Statistical Hand Books (SHB) - 1996 to 2009, Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Tamil Nadu, 2009.
[22] Ramachandra, T.V. and Shwetmala, "Emissions from India-s transport sector: Statewise synthesis," Atmospheric Environment, 43, pp. 5510- 5517, 2009.