{"title":"Multiphase Flow Regime Detection Algorithm for Gas-Liquid Interface Using Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Technique","authors":"Serkan Solmaz, Jean-Baptiste Gouriet, Nicolas Van de Wyer, Christophe Schram","volume":148,"journal":"International Journal of Physical and Mathematical Sciences","pagesStart":90,"pagesEnd":101,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/10010263","abstract":"Efficiency of the cooling process for cryogenic
\r\npropellant boiling in engine cooling channels on space applications is
\r\nrelentlessly affected by the phase change occurs during the boiling.
\r\nThe effectiveness of the cooling process strongly pertains to the
\r\ntype of the boiling regime such as nucleate and film. Geometric
\r\nconstraints like a non-transparent cooling channel unable to use
\r\nany of visualization methods. The ultrasonic (US) technique as a
\r\nnon-destructive method (NDT) has therefore been applied almost
\r\nin every engineering field for different purposes. Basically, the
\r\ndiscontinuities emerge between mediums like boundaries among
\r\ndifferent phases. The sound wave emitted by the US transducer is
\r\nboth transmitted and reflected through a gas-liquid interface which
\r\nmakes able to detect different phases. Due to the thermal and
\r\nstructural concerns, it is impractical to sustain a direct contact
\r\nbetween the US transducer and working fluid. Hence the transducer
\r\nshould be located outside of the cooling channel which results in
\r\nadditional interfaces and creates ambiguities on the applicability
\r\nof the present method. In this work, an exploratory research is
\r\nprompted so as to determine detection ability and applicability of
\r\nthe US technique on the cryogenic boiling process for a cooling
\r\ncycle where the US transducer is taken place outside of the channel.
\r\nBoiling of the cryogenics is a complex phenomenon which mainly
\r\nbrings several hindrances for experimental protocol because of
\r\nthermal properties. Thus substitute materials are purposefully selected
\r\nbased on such parameters to simplify experiments. Aside from
\r\nthat, nucleate and film boiling regimes emerging during the boiling
\r\nprocess are simply simulated using non-deformable stainless steel
\r\nballs, air-bubble injection apparatuses and air clearances instead
\r\nof conducting a real-time boiling process. A versatile detection
\r\nalgorithm is perennially developed concerning exploratory studies
\r\nafterward. According to the algorithm developed, the phases can be
\r\ndistinguished 99% as no-phase, air-bubble, and air-film presences.
\r\nThe results show the detection ability and applicability of the US
\r\ntechnique for an exploratory purpose.","references":"[1] L. Olh, Manual of Neurosonology: 1 - Ultrasound principles.\r\nCambridge University Press, 2016.\r\n[2] M. Luque de Castro and F. Capote, Analytical Applications of\r\nUltrasound: Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry:\r\nVolume 26. Elsevier Science, 2006.\r\n[3] T. Richter, K. Eckert, X. Yang, and S. Odenbach, \u201cMeasuring the\r\ndiameter of rising gas bubbles by means of the ultrasound transit time\r\ntechnique,\u201d Nuclear Engineering and Design, vol. 291, pp. 64\u201370, 2015.\r\n[4] T. Nguyen, H. Kikura, H. Murakawa, and N. Tsuzuki, \u201cMeasurement of\r\nbubbly two-phase flow in vertical pipe using multiwave ultrasonic pulsed\r\ndoppler method and wire mesh tomography,\u201d The Fourth International\r\nSymposium on Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems, INES-4, vol. 71, pp.\r\n337\u2013351, 2015.\r\n[5] M. Hussein, W.and Khan, J. Zamorano, F. Espic, and N. Yoma, \u201cA novel\r\nultrasound based technique for classifying gas bubble sizes in liquids,\u201d\r\nMeasurement Science and Technology, vol. 25, pp. 1\u201311, 2014.\r\n[6] L. Kinsler, A. Frey, A. Coppens, and J. Sanders, Fundamentals of\r\nAcoustics: Reflection and Transmission, 4th Edition. John Wiley &\r\nSons, 2000.\r\n[7] J. Yoo, \u201cData sheet of olympus for the immersed us transducer,\u201d Idaho\r\nNational Laboratory, 2016.\r\n[8] F. Randall and F. Gregory, Cryogenic Heat Transfer, Second Edition.\r\nCRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, 2016.\r\n[9] I. Pioro, W. Rohsenow, and S. Doerffer, \u201cNucleate pool-boiling heat\r\ntransfer: Review of parametric effects of boiling surface,\u201d International\r\nJournal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 47, pp. 5033\u20135044, 2004.\r\n[10] A. Molina, \u201cExperimental study of boiling in water and liquid nitrogen,\u201d\r\nThe von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics - Reseach Master Project\r\nReport, 2014.\r\n[11] W. Lei, Z. Kang, X. Fushou, M. Yuan, and L. Yanzhong, \u201cPrediction of\r\npool boiling heat transfer for hydrogen in microgravity,\u201d International\r\nJournal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 94, pp. 465\u2013473, 2016.\r\n[12] M. Kida, Y. Kikuchci, O. Takahashi, and I. Michiyosh, \u201cPool-boiling\r\nheat transfer in liquid nitrogen,\u201d Journal of Nuclear Science and\r\nTechnology, 1980.\r\n[13] X. Zhang, J. Chen, W. Xiong, and T. Jin, \u201cVisualization study of nucleate\r\npool boiling of liquid nitrogen with quasi-steady heat input,\u201d Cryogenics,\r\nvol. 72, pp. 14\u201321, 2015.\r\n[14] J. Yoo, \u201cBubble departure diameter and bubble release frequency\r\nmeasurement from tamu subcooled flow boiling experiment,\u201d Idaho\r\nNational Laboratory, 2016.\r\n[15] J. Yoo, C. Estrada-Perez, and Y. Hassan, \u201cExperimental study on bubble\r\ndynamics and wall heat transfer arising from a single nucleation site at\r\nsubcooled flow boiling conditions part 1: Experimental methods and\r\ndata quality verification,\u201d International Journal of Multiphase Flow,\r\nvol. 84, pp. 315\u2013324, 2016.","publisher":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology","index":"Open Science Index 148, 2019"}