Effect of the Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Ficus exasperata on Biochemical Indices of Albino Mice Experimentally Infected with Plasmodium berghei (NK 65)
Commenced in January 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Edition: International
Paper Count: 32769
Effect of the Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Ficus exasperata on Biochemical Indices of Albino Mice Experimentally Infected with Plasmodium berghei (NK 65)

Authors: Lebari B. Gboeloh

Abstract:

Ficus exasperata is a plant used in the traditional management of malaria in south-south Nigeria. An investigation into the effects of the ethanolic extract of the leaf of the plant on some biochemical indices in albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (NK 65) was conducted. 48 mice with weight range of 13-23 g were grouped into six (A, B, C, D, E, and F). Each group contained 8 mice. Groups A, B, C, D and E were infected with blood containing the parasite. Group F was not infected and served as the normal control. On the 6th day after infection, 4 mice from each group were sacrificed and blood samples are collected for investigation. The remaining mice in each group were treated. Mice in Groups A, B and C were administered orally with 200, 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight of Ficus exasperata respectively for six days. Group D was not treated while Group F was given distilled water. Group E was treated with 5 mg/kg body weight of chloroquine. On the 6th day post treatment, these mice were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The results indicated that on the 6th day post inoculation, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in all the mice infected with the parasite were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated. However, on the 6th day post administration of extract, the increased levels of AST, ALP and ALT were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in groups administered with 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the extract compared with groups D and F. The reduction in the levels of these enzymes is an indication that F. exasperata have no hepatotoxic effect on the mice at the dose levels administered.

Keywords: Ficus exasperata, albino mice, Plasmodium berghei, biochemical parameters.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1129221

Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 956

References:


[1] WHO, World Malaria Report, Geneva, 2005.
[2] O. Alaba and O. Alaba, “Malaria in Rural Nigeria: Implications for the Millennium Development Goals,” African Development Review, vol.21, no.1, pp 73-85, April 2009.
[3] J.F Raley and W. Peters, “The antimalarial activity of some quinolone esters”, Annals of Tropical Medical Parasitology, vol.64, no. 2, pp 209-22, June 1970.
[4] G. D. Pamplona-Rogers, “Encyclopedia of medicinal plants”, Education and Health Library. Spain, vol. 2, August 2004.
[5] E. O. Okon, L.B. Gboeloh and S. U. Udoh, “Antiplasmodial Effect of Combined Extracts of the Leaf of Ficus exasperata and Stem bark of Anthocleista vogelii on Mice Experimentally Infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei (Nk 65),” Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol.8, pp. 99-111. April 2014
[6] M. A. Ladipo and F.V. Doherty, “Heavy metal analysis and effect of crude extract of the leaves of Brysocarpus coccineous and Ficus exasperata on some pathogenic organisms. International Journal of Biosciences, vol.1, no. 2, pp.17-26, March 2011.
[7] A.K. Fajimi and A.A. Taiwo, “Herbal remedies in animal parasitic diseases in Nigeria: a review”, African Journal of Biotechnology, vol.4, no.4, pp.303-307, April 2005.
[8] E.O. Okon, L.B. Gboeloh and S. E. Udoh, (2013). “Antiplasmodial effect of Ficus exasperata on albino mice experimentally infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei (NK 65). Universal Journal of Pharmacy, vol.2, no. 5, pp. 29-35, September 2013.
[9] L.B. Gboeloh, O.E. Okon, and S.E. Udoh, “Antiplasmodial effect of Anthocleista vogelii on albino mice experimentally infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei (NK 65)”. Journal of Parasitology, Article ID 435913, 8 pages, May 2014
[10] National Institutes of Health. “Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals”. Eight Edition, National Academic Press, Washington (DC), US, 2011.
[11] F. Wroblewski and J.S. LaDue, “Procedure for the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine”, vol. 90, pp.210, 1955.
[12] International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, “Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biology”, vol. 18, pp. 5231, 1980.
[13] G.N. Browers, and R.B. McComb, “A Continuous spectophotometric method for measuring the activities of serum alanine phosphatase”. Clinical Chemistry, vol.12, no. 2, pp.70-89, February 1966.
[14] K. Keiding, M. Holder, W G. Denmark, E. Pitkanen, R. Tenhunen, J.H. Stromme, L. Theodorsen, J.Waldenstrom, N. Tryding and L. Westiund, “Recommended methods for determination of four enzymes in blood”. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical Laboratory Investigation, vol.33, no.4, pp.291-306, September 1974.
[15] WHO Memorandum, “Classification of Hyperlipidemias and Hyperlipoproteinemias”. Bulletin of world Health Organization, vol.43, no. 1970.
[16] S.O. Malomo, (2000). “Toxicolgical implication of ceftriaxone administration in rats”. Nigerian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 15, no.1, pp.33-38.
[17] R.O. Arise, S.O. Malamo and M.M. Lawal, “Comparative Antimalarial and Toxicological Effects of Artemisinin with methanolic Extract of Carica papaya Leaves and bark of Alstonia broonai in Animal “. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 116-123, 2012.
[18] P.J. Wright, and D.T. Plummer, (1974). “The use of urinary enzymes measurements to detect renal changes caused by nephrotoxic compounds”. Biochem Pharmacol January, vol.23, no.1, pp. 65-73 January 1974.
[19] M.A. Akanji, O.A. Olagoke, and O.B. Oloyede, “Effect of chronic consumption of metabisulphate on the integrity of rat liver cellular system”. Toxicology, vol.81, pp.173-9, August 1993.
[20] D.R. Dufour, J.A. Lott, F.S. Nottle, L.B. Self, D. R. Gretch, R. S. Koff, and L.B Seeff, “Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury in performance characteristics of laboratory tests”. Clin Chem, vol.46, no. 12, pp. 2027-2049, 2000.
[21] S.A. Tasduq, K. Peerzeda, S. Koul, R. Bhat and R.K. Johri, “Biochemical manifestations of antituberculosis drugs induced hepatotoxicity and the effect of silymarin”. Hepatol Res, vol.31, no. 3, pp.132-5, March 2005.
[22] Z. Kechrid, and R. Kenouz, “Determination of alkaline phosphatase activity in patients with different zinc metabolic disorders”. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, vol.33, no. 6, pp. 387-391, March 2003.
[23] R.L.Vallee and D.S. Auid, (1990). “Zinc coordination, function and structure of zinc enzymes and other proteins”. Biochemistry, vol. 29, pp. no.24, 5647-59, June 1990.
[24] S.O. Ogbonnia, G.O Mbaka, E.N. Anyika, J.E. Emordi and N. Nwakakwa, “Evaluation of acute and sub chronic toxicities of a Nigerian polyherbal tea remedy”. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, vol.10, no.11, pp. 1022-1028, 2011.
[25] E. Iweala and C. U. Okeke, “Comparative study of the effect of chloroquine, fansidar and A. indica on some biochemical parameters in albino rats”. Journal of Medical Research and Technology, vol.3, no.2, pp.24-31, 2006.
[26] O.B. Odeghe, A.A. Uwakwe and C.C. Monago, “Some biochemical and haematological studies on the methaolic extract of A. grandifora stem bark”. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 58-65, May 2012.
[27] S. Ghasi, C. Egwuibe, P.U. Achukwu, and J.C. Onyeanusi, “Assessment of the medical benefits in folkloric use of Bryophyllum pinnatun leaf among the Igbos of Nigeria for the treatment of hypertension”. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol.5, no.1, pp. 83-92, January 2011.
[28] L. Adolph and R. Lorenz, “Enzyme diagnosis in hepatic disease in enzyme diagnosis in disease of the heart, liver and pancreas”. Tuttle Druckerei Gmmbtt, Salzweg-Passau, Germany. Pp. 1-104, 1982.
[29] I.I. Ijeh and A.I. Ukweni. “Acute effect of administration of ethanolic extracts of Ficus exasperata Vahl on kidney function in albino rats”. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, Vol. 1,no.2,pp. 027-029. September 2007.
[30] S. B. Rosalki, R. Roberts, H.A. Katus, E. Giannitis and J.H. Laden, “Cardiac biomarkers for detection of myocardial infarction: perspectives from past to present”. Clinical Chemistry, Vol.50, no.11, pp. 2250-2213, October 2004.
[31] O.F. Laterza, V.R. Modur and J.H. Ladenson, “Biomarkers of tissue injury”. Biomarkers in Medicine, Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 81-92, February 2008.
[32] M. Shahjahan, K.E. Sabitha, J. Mallika and C.S. Shyamala-Devi, C.S, “Effects of Solanum trilobatum against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in albino rats”. Indian Journal of Medical Research, Vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 194-198, October 2004.
[33] P.S.M. Prince, S. Suman, P.T Devika and M. Vaithianathan, “Cardioprotective effects of “Marutham” a polyherbal formulation on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in wistar rats”. Fitoterapia, Vol. 79, no. 6, pp. 433-438, September 2008.
[34] M.M. E. El-Habbak, K. Saleh, M.S. Arbib, A.G. Hegazi and H. Sofy, H, “Influence of garlic (A. sativum) on some biological and biochemical changes in Japanese quail with special reference to its hypercholestemia activity” . Archivefur-Geflugelkunde, Vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 73- 779.
[35] M. A. Rokaya, A.A. Zayed, H.E. Amira, M.I. Hanan and Y.M. Heba, “Biochemical studies on Culex pipiens (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) exposed to Allium satvium, Citrus limon and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis with reference assessment of the biosafety on albino mice. Global Veterinaria, Vol.4, no. 1, pp. 22-33, 2010.
[36] K.H. Tennekoon, S. Jeevathayapara, A.P. Kurukulasooriya and E.H Karunanayake, E.H (1991). Possible hepatotoxicity of Nigella sativa seeds and Dregea volubilis leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 31, no. 3, pp. 283-289, March 1991.
[37] M.A. Crook, M.A (2006). Clinical chemistry and metabolic medicine. 7th Edition. Hodder Arnold, London. Pp 426.
[38] R. Aliyu, A.H. Adebayo, D. Gatsing and I.H. Garba, I.H, (2007). “The effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Commiphora africana (Burseraceace) on rat liver and kidney “. Journal of Pharmacology and toxicology, Vol.2, no. 4, pp.373-379, 2007.
[39] R.O. Recknagel, “A new direction in the study of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity”. Life Sciences, Vol. 33, no.5, pp.401-408, 1983.
[40] O.M. Ighodaro and J.O. Omole, “Effects of Nigerian Piliostigma thonningii species leaf extract on lipid profile in wistar rats”. Pharmacology, Vol. 2012, pp.5402-5407, August 2012.
[41] O.A. Owolabi, D.B. James, A.B. Ibrahim, O.F. Folorunsho, I. Bwalla and F. Akata, “Changes in lipid profile of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Blighia sapida in rats “. Asian Journal of medical Sciences, Vol. 2, no.4 pp. 177-180, August 2010.
[42] M.N.M.S. Maysoon, A.W.M. Arieg, A.A. Jazor, and M.S. Ghassan, “Biological study of the effect of licorice root extract on serum lipid profile, liver enzymes and kidney function tests in albino mice”. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 10, no. 59, pp. 12702-12706, October 2011.
[43] N.E.J. Orhuel, E.A.C. Nwanzei and A. Okafor, “Serum total protein, albumin and Globulin levels in Trypanosoma Bruce-infected rabbits: Effects of administered Scoparia dulcis”. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 1152-1155, October 2005.
[44] A. Gren, “Effects of Iscador preparation on the reactivity of mouse immune system”. Neuro Endocrinology Letter, Vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 153- 157. 2009.