WASET
	@article{(Open Science Index):https://publications.waset.org/pdf/10003518,
	  title     = {Effects of Upstream Wall Roughness on Separated Turbulent Flow over a Forward Facing Step in an Open Channel},
	  author    = {S. M. Rifat and  André L. Marchildon and  Mark F. Tachie},
	  country	= {},
	  institution	= {},
	  abstract     = {The effect of upstream surface roughness over a
smooth forward facing step in an open channel was investigated
using a particle image velocimetry technique. Three different
upstream surface topographies consisting of hydraulically smooth
wall, sandpaper 36 grit and sand grains were examined. Besides the
wall roughness conditions, all other upstream flow characteristics
were kept constant. It was also observed that upstream roughness
decreased the approach velocity by 2% and 10% but increased the
turbulence intensity by 14% and 35% at the wall-normal distance
corresponding to the top plane of the step compared to smooth
upstream. The results showed that roughness decreased the
reattachment lengths by 14% and 30% compared to smooth upstream.
Although the magnitudes of maximum positive and negative
Reynolds shear stress in separated and reattached region were 0.02Ue
for all the cases, the physical size of both the maximum and
minimum contour levels were decreased by increasing upstream
roughness.},
	    journal   = {International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering},
	  volume    = {10},
	  number    = {2},
	  year      = {2016},
	  pages     = {250 - 255},
	  ee        = {https://publications.waset.org/pdf/10003518},
	  url   	= {https://publications.waset.org/vol/110},
	  bibsource = {https://publications.waset.org/},
	  issn  	= {eISSN: 1307-6892},
	  publisher = {World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology},
	  index 	= {Open Science Index 110, 2016},
	}