WASET
	@article{(Open Science Index):https://publications.waset.org/pdf/10002381,
	  title     = {Microwave Assisted Solvent-Free Catalytic Transesterification of Glycerol to Glycerol Carbonate},
	  author    = {Wai Keng Teng and  Gek Cheng Ngoh and  Rozita Yusoff and  Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua and  Joe Shen Heng},
	  country	= {},
	  institution	= {},
	  abstract     = {As a by-product of the biodiesel industries, glycerol
has been vastly generated which surpasses the market demand. It is
imperative to develop an efficient glycerol valorization processes in
minimizing the net energy requirement and intensifying the biodiesel
production. In this study, base-catalyzed transesterification of
glycerol with dimethyl carbonate using microwave irradiation as
heating method to produce glycerol carbonate was conducted by
varying grades of glycerol, i.e. 70%, 86% and 99% purity, that is
obtained from biodiesel plant. Metal oxide catalysts were used with
varying operating parameters including reaction time, DMC/glycerol
molar ratio, catalyst weight %, temperature and stirring speed. From
the study on the effect of different operating parameters it was found
that the type of catalyst used has the most significant effect on the
transesterification reaction. Amidst the metal oxide catalysts
examined, CaO gave the best performance. This study indicates the
feasibility of producing glycerol carbonate using different grade of
glycerol in both conventional thermal activation and microwave
irradiation with CaO as catalyst. Microwave assisted
transesterification (MAT) of glycerol into glycerol carbonate has
demonstrated itself as an energy efficient route by achieving 94.2%
yield of GC at 65°C, 5 minutes reaction time, 1 wt% CaO and
DMC/glycerol molar ratio of 2. The advantages of MAT
transesterification route has made the direct utilization of bioglycerol
from biodiesel production without the need of purification. This has
marked a more economical and less-energy intensive glycerol
carbonate synthesis route.},
	    journal   = {International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering},
	  volume    = {9},
	  number    = {9},
	  year      = {2015},
	  pages     = {1140 - 1143},
	  ee        = {https://publications.waset.org/pdf/10002381},
	  url   	= {https://publications.waset.org/vol/105},
	  bibsource = {https://publications.waset.org/},
	  issn  	= {eISSN: 1307-6892},
	  publisher = {World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology},
	  index 	= {Open Science Index 105, 2015},
	}