{"title":"Impact of Ship Traffic to PM2.5 and Particle Number Concentrations in Three Port-Cities of the Adriatic\/Ionian Area","authors":"Daniele Contini, Antonio Donateo, Andrea Gambaro, Athanasios Argiriou, Dimitrios Melas, Daniela Cesari, Anastasia Poupkou, Athanasios Karagiannidis, Apostolos Tsakis, Eva Merico, Rita Cesari, Adelaide Dinoi","volume":100,"journal":"International Journal of Environmental and Ecological Engineering","pagesStart":533,"pagesEnd":539,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/10000904","abstract":"
Emissions of atmospheric pollutants from ships and
\r\nharbour activities are a growing concern at international level given
\r\ntheir potential impacts on air quality and climate. These close-to-land
\r\nemissions have potential impact on local communities in terms of air
\r\nquality and health. Recent studies show that the impact of maritime
\r\ntraffic to atmospheric particulate matter concentrations in several
\r\ncoastal urban areas is comparable with the impact of road traffic of a
\r\nmedium size town. However, several different approaches have been
\r\nused for these estimates making difficult a direct comparison of
\r\nresults. In this work, an integrated approach based on emission
\r\ninventories and dedicated measurement campaigns has been applied
\r\nto give a comparable estimate of the impact of maritime traffic to
\r\nPM2.5 and particle number concentrations in three major harbours of
\r\nthe Adriatic\/Ionian Seas. The influences of local meteorology and of
\r\nthe logistic layout of the harbours are discussed.<\/p>\r\n","references":"[1] M. Zhao, Y. Zhang, W. Maa, Q. Fu, X. Yang, C. Li, B. Zhou, Q. Yua, L.\r\nChen, \u201cCharacteristics and ship traffic source identification of air\r\npollutants in China\u2019s largest port,\u201d Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 64,\r\npp. 277\u2013286, 2013.\r\n[2] V. Eyring, I.S.A. Isaksen, T. Berntsen, W.J. Collins, J.J. Corbett, O.\r\nEndresen, R.G. Grainger, J. Moldanova, H. Schlager, D.S. Stevenson,\r\n\u201cTransport impacts on atmosphere and climate: shipping.\u201d, Atmospheric\r\nEnvironment, Vol. 44, pp. 4735\u20134771, 2010.\r\n[3] H. Saxe, T. Larsen, \u201cAir pollution from ships in three Danish ports\u201d,\r\nAtmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, pp. 4057\u20134067, 2004.\r\n[4] A.J. Dore, M. Vieno, Y.S. Tang, U. Dragosits, A. Dosio, K.J. Weston,\r\nM.A. Sutton, A. McCreddin, \u201cModelling the atmospheric transport and\r\ndeposition of sulphur and nitrogen over the United Kingdom and\r\nassessment of the influence of SO2 emissions from international\r\nshipping\u201d, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 41, pp. 2355\u20132367, 2007.\r\n[5] S.B. Dals\u00f8ren, M.S. Eide, \u00d8. Endresen, A. Mjelde, G. Gravir, I.S.A.\r\nIsaksen, \u201cUpdate on emissions and environmental impacts from the\r\ninternational fleet of ships: the contribution from major ship types and\r\nports\u201d, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, pp. 2171\u20132194,\r\n2009.\r\n[6] C. Trozzi, R. Vaccaro, L. Nicolo, \u201cAir pollutants emissions estimate\r\nfrom maritime traffic in the Italian harbours of Venice and Piombino\u201d,\r\nScience of the Total Environment, Vol. 169, pp. 257\u2013263, 1995.\r\n[7] C. Gariazzo, V. Papaleo, A. Pelliccioni, G. Calori, P. Radice, G.\r\nTinarelli, \u201cApplication of a Lagrangian particle model to assess the\r\nimpact of harbour, industrial and urban activities on air quality in the\r\nTaranto area, Italy\u201d, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 41, pp. 6432-6444,\r\n2007.\r\n[8] E. Marmer, F. Dentener, J. Van Aardenne, F. Cavalli, E. Vignati, K.\r\nVelchev, J. Hjorth, F. Boersma, G. Vinken, N. Mihalopoulos, F. Raes,\r\n\u201cWhat can we learn about ship emission inventories from measurements\r\nof air pollutants over the Mediterranean Sea?\u201d, Atmospheric Chemistry\r\nand Physics, Vol. 9, pp. 6815\u20136831, 2009.\r\n[9] D. Cesari, A. Genga, P. Ielpo, M. Siciliano, G. Mascolo, F.M. Grasso,\r\nD. Contini, \u201cSource apportionment of PM2.5 in the harbour\u2013industrial\r\narea of Brindisi (Italy): Identification and estimation of the contribution\r\nof in-port ship emissions\u201d, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 497,\r\npp. 392-400, 2014.\r\n[10] M. C. Minguillon, M. Arhami, J. J. Schauer, C. Sioutas,\u201cSeasonal and\r\nSpatial Variations of Sources of Fine and Quasi-Ultrafine Particulate\r\nMatter in Neighborhoods Near the Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor\u201d,\r\nAtmospheric Environment, Vol. 42 (32), pp. 7317\u20137328, 2008.\r\n[11] A. M. Stortini, A. Freda, D. Cesari, W. R. L. Cairns, D. Contini, C.\r\nBarbante, F. Prodi, P. Cescon, A. Gambaro, \u201cAn evaluation of the\r\nPM2.5 trace elemental composition in the Venice Lagoon area and an\r\nanalysis of the possible sources\u201d, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 43,\r\npp. 6296-6304, 2009.\r\n[12] M. Viana, F. Amato, A. Alastuey, X. Querol, T. Moreno, S. G. Dos\r\nSantos, M. D. Herce, R. Fernandez-Patier, \u201cChemical tracers of\r\nparticulate emissions from commercial shipping\u201d, Environmental\r\nScience & Technology, Vol. 43, pp. 7472-7477, 2009.\r\n[13] M. Pandolfi, Y. Gonzalez-Castanedo, A. Alastuey, J. de la Rosa, E.\r\nMantilla, A. Sanchez de la Campa, X. Querol, J. Pey, F. Amato, T.\r\nMoreno, \u201cSource apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 at multiple sites in\r\nthe strait of Gibraltar by PMF: impact of shipping emissions\u201d,\r\nEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 28, pp. 260-269,\r\n2011.\r\n[14] M. D. Gibson, J. R. Pierce, D. Waugh, J. S. Kuchta, L. Chisholm, T. J.\r\nDuck, J. T. Hopper, S. Beauchamp, G. H. King, J. E. Franklin, W. R.\r\nLeaitch, A. J. Wheeler, Z. Li, G. A. Gagnon, P. I. Palmer, \u201cIdentifying\r\nthe sources driving observed PM2.5 temporal variability over Halifax,\r\nNova Scotia, during BORTAS-B\u201d, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,\r\nVol. 13, pp. 7199-7213, 2013.\r\n[15] C. Samara, D. Voutsa, \u201cSize distribution of airborne particulate matter\r\nand associated heavy metals in the roadside environment\u201d,\r\nChemosphere, Vol. 59, pp. 1197\u20131206, 2005.\r\n[16] G. Lu, J. R. Brook, M. R. Alfarra, K. Anlauf, W. R. Leaitch, S. Sharma,\r\nD. Wang, D. R. Worsnop, L. Phinney, \u201cIdentification and\r\ncharacterisation of inland ship plumes over Vancouver, BC\u201d.\r\nAtmospheric Environment, Vol. 40, pp. 2767-2782, 2006.\r\n[17] R. M. Healy, S. Hellebust, I. Kourtchev, A. Allanic, I. P. O'Connor, J.\r\nM. Bell, D. A. Healy, J. R. Sodeau, J. C. Wenger, \u201cSource\r\napportionment of PM2.5 in Cork Harbour, Ireland using a combination\r\nof single particle mass spectrometry and quantitative semi-continuous\r\nmeasurements\u201d, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, pp. 9593-\r\n9613, 2010.\r\n[18] D. Contini, A. Gambaro, F. Belosi, S. De Pieri, W. R. L. Cairns, A.\r\nDonateo, E. Zanotto, M. Citron, \u201cThe direct influence of ship traffic on\r\natmospheric PM2.5, PM10 and PAH in Venice\u201d, Journal of\r\nEnvironmental Management, Vol. 92, pp. 2119-2129, 2011.\r\n[19] A. Donateo, E. Gregoris, A. Gambaro, E. Merico, R. Giua, A. Nocioni,\r\nD. Contini, \u201cContribution of harbour activities and ship traffic to PM2.5,\r\nparticle number concentrations and PAHs in a port city of the\r\nMediterranean Sea (Italy)\u201d, Environmental Science and Pollution\r\nResearch, Vol. 21, pp. 9415-9429, 2014.\r\n[20] M. Viana, P. Hammingh, A. Colette, X. Querol, B. Degraeuwe, I. de\r\nVlieger, J. Van Aardenne, \u201cImpact of maritime transport emissions on\r\ncoastal air quality in Europe\u201d, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 90, pp.\r\n96\u2013105, 2014. [21] A. Donateo, D. Contini, F. Belosi, A. Gambaro, G. Santachiara, D.\r\nCesari, F. Prodi, \u201cCharacterization of PM2.5 concentrations and\r\nturbulent fluxes on a island in the Venice lagoon using high temporal\r\nresolution measurements\u201d, Meteorology Zeitschrift, Vol. 21, pp. 385-\r\n398, 2012.\r\n[22] ARPAV, \u201cMetodi e modelli per l\u2019indagine scientifica su emissioni e\r\nconcentrazioni in atmosfera: risultati principali per la laguna di\r\nVenezia\u201d, APICE Project Report, www.apice-project.eu, Febbraio 2013.\r\n[23] A. Poupkou, N. Liora, A. Karagiannidis, T. Giannaros, C. Giannaros, D.\r\nMelas, A Argiriou, \u201cMaritime Sector Emissions Contribution to the\r\nParticulate Matter Pollution in a Mediterranean City-Port: A Modeling\r\nApproach\u201d, in Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIII,\r\nSpringer Proceedings in Complexity, pp. 307-310, 2014.\r\n[24] R. Giua, A. Nocioni, T. Pastore, S. Spagnolo, \u201cThe ARPA Puglia tools\r\nwithin the project CESAPO: a contribute to the study of atmospheric\r\npollution in Brindisi port\u201d, In Proceedings of the Workshop\r\n\u201cCharacterisation of atmospheric pollution in harbor areas\u201d\r\n(www.cesapo.upatras.gr), pp. 51-57, 2013.\r\n[25] A. Donateo, D. Contini, F. Belosi, \u201cReal time measurements of PM2.5\r\nconcentrations and vertical turbulent fluxes using an optical detector\u201d,\r\nAtmospheric Environment, Vol. 40, pp. 1346-1360, 2006.\r\n[26] R.M. Healy, I.P. O\u2019Connor, S. Hellebust, A. Allanic, J.R. Sodeau, J.C.\r\nWenger JC, \u201cCharacterisation of single particles from in-port ship\r\nemissions\u201d, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 43, pp. 6408-6414, 2009.\r\n[27] C. Reche, M. Viana, T. Moreno, X. Querol, A. Alastuey, J. Pey, M.\r\nPandolfi, A. Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t, C. Mohr, A. Richard, B. Arti\u00f1ano, F.J. Gomez-\r\nMoreno, N. Cots, \u201cPeculiarities in atmospheric particle number and sizeresolved\r\nspeciation in an urban area in the western Mediterranean:\r\nresults from the DAURE campaign\u201d, Atmospheric Environment, Vol.\r\n45, pp. 5282-5293, 2011.\r\n[28] D. Contini, A. Gambaro, A. Donateo, P. Cescon, D. Cesari, E. Merico,\r\nF. Belosi, M. Citron, \u201cInter-annual trend of the primary contribution of\r\nship emissions to PM2.5 concentrations in Venice (Italy): Efficiency of\r\nemissions mitigation strategies\u201d, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 102,\r\npp. 183-190, 2015.","publisher":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology","index":"Open Science Index 100, 2015"}